A circular column is subjected to an un-factored load of 1600 kN. The effective length of the column is 3.5 m, the concrete is M 25, Asc = 2% for Fe 415 steel. The design and the value of pg A, diameter of the column will be nearly

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.