a) Chemical deterioration. b) Physical deterioration c) all of them 9- Map cracking of concrete is because of ... a) Frost Action b) Sulfate Attack c) Alkali-Aggregate Reaction d) surface wear 10)... is a some of the water in the mix tends to rise to the surface of concrete. a) Segregation b) Revibration c) plastic settlement d) bleeding 11) Strength and elasticity of aggregate depend on. . a) Rock composition b) texture 12- A sound aggregate is able to resist.... a) Volume changes in aggregate b) bond of aggregate c) strength of aggregate d) all of them. 13) Plastic shrinkage is caused by. a) Surface wear b) surface tension forces c) Sulfate Attack d) Alkali-Aggregate Reaction d) not all of them c) microstructure d) all of them 14), More severe attack on concrete is.. . a) Sodium sulfate b) potassium sulfates c) magnesium sulfate d) Ammonium sulfate 15) Increased resistance to the action of freezing and thawing is . . a) Water reducing admixtures b) Set Retarding admixtures c) Šuperplasticising d) Air- entraining admixtures

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.