A Cell-to-cell transmission (Relative, %) C 1501 E 100- Cell-to-cell transmission (Relative, %) 50 150 100- 50- Cell-to-cell transmission (Relative, %) Mock વાપ 120 100 293T to 293T/ACE2 80- 60- 40 201 0 H 5²6 ** H HOROS Mock CatL inhibitor III Bat A de Leu 293T to Caco-2 Baf A1 H SARS-CoV (PV) SARS-CoV-2 (PV) Mock CatL inhibitor III Mock CA-074 Linhibi H AE64D Mock CatL inhibitor III SARS-CoV-2 WA1 (authentic) Cell-to-cell ns ns yu SARS-CoV (PV) SARS-CoV-2 (PV) E64D Baf A1 Baf A1 optin B Cell-free infection (Relative, %) D LL F Cell-free infection (Relative, %) 1501 100- 50 100 Cell-free infection (Relative, %) 120 100 TOCK CatL inhibitor III 80 60 40 20 293T/ACE2 H E64D Baf A1 Leupeptin a Mock Baf A1 CatL inhibitor III Caco-2 THE SARS-CoV (PV) SARS-CoV-2 (PV) Mock CatL inhibitor III CatL inhibitor CA-074 SARS-CoV (PV) SARS-CoV-2 (PV) Mock CatL inhibitor III SARS-CoV-2 WA1 (authentic) Cell-free CA-074 E64D Baf A1 Baf A1 Fig. 5. Endosomal entry pathway is involved in cell-to-cell transmission. Effect of endosomal entry inhibitors on cell-to-cell and cell-free infection of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Experiments were carried out as described in Fig. 1 C and D, except that indicated inhibitors were present during the infection period. The concentrations of inhibitors used were as follows: 1 µM or 5 µM Cat L inhibitor III, 1 μM or 5 μM CA-074, 10 μM or 30 μM E-64D, 25 nM or 50 nM BafA1, and 20 μM or 50 µM leupeptin. (A and B) Effect in 293T cells. (C and D) Effect in Caco-2 cells. In all experiments, Gluc activity was measured at 48 and 72 h after infection, and rates of relative infection were plotted by setting the values of mock infection without drugs to 100. Results were from
Enzyme kinetics
In biochemistry, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysis is the addition of a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the pace of the reaction. Catalysis can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on whether the catalysts are distributed in the same phase as that of the reactants. Enzymes are an essential part of the cell because, without them, many organic processes would slow down and thus will affect the processes that are important for cell survival and sustenance.
Regulation of Enzymes
A substance that acts as a catalyst to regulate the reaction rate in the living organism's metabolic pathways without itself getting altered is an enzyme. Most of the biological reactions and metabolic pathways in the living systems are carried out by enzymes. They are specific for their works and work in particular conditions. It maintains the best possible rate of reaction in the most stable state. The enzymes have distinct properties as they can proceed with the reaction in any direction, their particular binding sites, pH specificity, temperature specificity required in very few amounts.
![A
Cell-to-cell transmission
(Relative, %)__
C
1501
100-
E
Cell-to-cell transmission
(Relative, %)
50-
150₁
100-
50-
Cell-to-cell transmission
(Relative, %)
293T to 293T/ACE2
H
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
120 1
100
H
CAO
80-
60-
40
201
0
H
Bat
Leu M
Mock
CA
F64D
Mock
Baf A1
CatL inhibitor III
SARS-CoV (PV)
SARS-CoV-2 (PV)
293T to Caco-2
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
72
inhib
CA-074
SARS-CoV-2 WA1 (authentic)
Cell-to-cell
ns ns
SARS-CoV (PV)
SARS-CoV-2 (PV)
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
E64D
Baf A1
Leupeptin
Baf A1
Baf A1
B
Cell-free infection (Relative, %)
D
FL
Cell-free infection (Relative, %)
1501
100-
50-
1501
100-
50-
Cell-free infection (Relative, %)
120
100
80
60
40
20
HEF
-
hibitor II
CatL inhibitor
293T/ACE2
✔
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
CA-
af A1
E64D
Mock
Leupeptin
CatL inhibitor
SARS-CoV (PV)
SARS-CoV-2 (PV)
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
Caco-2
4:
Mock
CatL inhibitor III
Baf A1
CA-074
SARS-CoV (PV)
SARS-CoV-2 (PV)
SARS-CoV-2 WA1 (authentic)
Cell-free
Baf A1
Leupept
E64D
Baf A1
Baf A1
Fig. 5. Endosomal entry pathway is involved in cell-to-cell transmission. Effect of endosomal entry
inhibitors on cell-to-cell and cell-free infection of
SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Experiments were carried out as described in Fig. 1 C and D, except that indicated inhibitors were present during the infection
period. The concentrations of inhibitors used were as follows: 1 µM or 5 µM Cat L inhibitor III, 1 μM or 5 μM CA-074, 10 μM or 30 μM E-64D, 25 nM or 50 nM
BafA1, and 20 μM or 50 μM leupeptin. (A and B) Effect in 293T cells. (C and D) Effect in Caco-2 cells. In all experiments, Gluc activity was measured at 48 and
72 h after infection, and rates of relative infection were plotted by setting the values of mock infection without drugs to 100. Results were from
approximately four to six independent experiments. (E and F) Effect of inhibitor treatments on cell-to-cell and cell-free infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2
(USA-WA1/2020). Note that Vero-ACE2-TMPRSS2-m Tomato (Red) cells served as donor cells, and Vero-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells served as target cells (n = 3).
PV, pseudotyped virus. *P < 0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. ns, not significant.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F86d5b315-251b-4afc-ade8-02046d912aca%2Fcdaecc40-e675-481e-814a-aa3a01e263d3%2F3y5n3hw_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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