A case-control study was performed of renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) (kidney cancer). The purpose of the study was to look at environmental risk factors for RCC and to assess whether genetic factors modify the role of environmental risk factors. The participants were subdivided into "slow acetylators" and "rapid acetylators" according to the NAT2 genotype. The hypothesis was that slow acetylators might metabolize potentially toxic substances more slowly than rapid acetylators and show different relationships with environmental risk factors such as smoking. The table below presents data for slow acetylators according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators No. of cigarettes smoked per dayt 0 1-20 >20 Cases Controls 20 18 30 68 26 Find the p-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) p-value = 28 (a) Test for the association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. (Report a two-tailed p-value.) Select the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses. O Ho: There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. H: There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. O Ho: There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. H: There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) State the conclusion in the problem context. (Use a = 0.05.) O Fail to reject Ho. There is not a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. O Fail to reject Ho. There is a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. O Reject Ho. There is a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. O Reject Ho. There is not a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.

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A case-control study was performed on renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) (kidney cancer). The purpose of the study was to look at environmental risk factors for RCC and to assess whether genetic factors modify the role of environmental risk factors.

The participants were subdivided into "slow acetylators" and "rapid acetylators" according to the NAT2 genotype. The hypothesis was that slow acetylators might metabolize potentially toxic substances more slowly than rapid acetylators and show different relationships with environmental risk factors such as smoking. The table below presents data for slow acetylators according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day.

### Relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators

| No. of cigarettes smoked per day | Cases | Controls |
|----------------------------------|-------|----------|
| 0                                | 20    | 68       |
| 1–20                             | 18    | 26       |
| >20                              | 30    | 28       |

**(a) Test for the association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. (Report a two-tailed p-value.)**

- **Select the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.**
  - \( H_0 \): There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.
  - \( H_a \): There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.

  Or
  
  - \( H_0 \): There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.
  - \( H_a \): There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.

- **Calculate the test statistic.** (Round your answer to two decimal places.)  
  \[ \boxed{} \]

- **Find the p-value.** (Round your answer to four decimal places.)  
  \( p\text{-value} = \boxed{} \)

- **State the conclusion in the problem context. (Use \(\alpha = 0.05\).)**
  - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is not a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators.
  - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked
Transcribed Image Text:A case-control study was performed on renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) (kidney cancer). The purpose of the study was to look at environmental risk factors for RCC and to assess whether genetic factors modify the role of environmental risk factors. The participants were subdivided into "slow acetylators" and "rapid acetylators" according to the NAT2 genotype. The hypothesis was that slow acetylators might metabolize potentially toxic substances more slowly than rapid acetylators and show different relationships with environmental risk factors such as smoking. The table below presents data for slow acetylators according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. ### Relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators | No. of cigarettes smoked per day | Cases | Controls | |----------------------------------|-------|----------| | 0 | 20 | 68 | | 1–20 | 18 | 26 | | >20 | 30 | 28 | **(a) Test for the association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. (Report a two-tailed p-value.)** - **Select the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.** - \( H_0 \): There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. - \( H_a \): There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. Or - \( H_0 \): There is no association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. - \( H_a \): There is an association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. - **Calculate the test statistic.** (Round your answer to two decimal places.) \[ \boxed{} \] - **Find the p-value.** (Round your answer to four decimal places.) \( p\text{-value} = \boxed{} \) - **State the conclusion in the problem context. (Use \(\alpha = 0.05\).)** - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is not a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and RCC among slow acetylators. - Fail to reject \( H_0 \). There is a significant association between the number of cigarettes smoked
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