A case-control (or retrospective) study was conducted to investigate a relationship between the colors of helmets worn by motorcycle drivers and whether they are injured or killed in a crash. Results are given in the accompanying table. Using a 0.01 significance level, test the claim that injuries are independent of helmet color. Color of Helmet Black White Yellow Red Blue Controls (not injured) Cases (injured or killed) 491 357 30 158 116 207 103 66 55

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A:

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Average

In mathematics, everyone must have heard the term average in one place or other. Almost all types of calculation require taking out an average. In everyday life, the term is used for denoting a certain amount that can be said to be a typical quantity for multiple people or objects. In other words, if a group of people possesses a certain object, then the average gives us an idea regarding the quantity of the object possessed by each person. However, this is solely based on mathematical calculation. It is important to note that most people will not strictly have the average value in a group.