a Carnot refrigerator requires a work input of only 230 J to extract 346 J of heat from the cold reservoir. Doesn’t this discrepancy imply a violation of the law of conservation of energy? Explain why or why not.
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a Carnot refrigerator requires a work input
of only 230 J to extract 346 J of heat from the cold reservoir. Doesn’t
this discrepancy imply a violation of the law of conservation of energy?
Explain why or why not.
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- Which statement is not the second law of thermodynamics? -For a natural process, the entropy increases or remains the same.-Heat spontaneously flows from a hot object to a cold object. -No heat engine can have 100% efficiency. -The internal energy of a system is equal to the heated added to the system subtract the work done by the system.Which, if any, of the heat engines as shown below violate (a) the first law of thermodynamics or (b) the second law of thermodynamics? Explain.True or False? The second law of thermodynamics states that it is possible to have 100% efficiency for an engine as long as it is new.
- As a gasoline engine is running, an amount of gasoline containing 15,000J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,000 J of work. (b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 2500 K. The waste heat from the engine flows into air at about 300 K. What is the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine operating between these two temperatures?You are hired to build a geothermal power plant that absorbs heat from a hot water spring and discards heat into the surrounding air, which is at a temperature of 17°. The plant is designed for a maximum (Carnot) efficiency of 0.21. What is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the hot water gushing from the spring? If the rate of energy supplied to the plant by the hot-water source is 4.6 kW, what is the plant’s maximum rate of power output, in kilowatts?A diesel engine has efficiency 0.180. (a) In order for this engine to do 1.24 * 10^4 J of work, how many joules of heat must it take in? (b) How many joules of this heat is discarded?
- You are holding a 500-g dark chocolate bar, and then the chocolate starts to melt at 45 degrees C. What is the change in entropy? (Note: The latent heat of fusion of chocolate Lf = 1.5 x 10^5 J/kg. Calculate first the heat needed to melt the chocolate using the formula Q = mL^f, where Q is the amount of heat needed to melt the chocolate, m is the mass of the chocolate, and Lf is the latent heat of fusion of chocolate.)Energy as heat is input into a steam turbine to convert 13.5 kg of liquid water at 25.0°C to water vapor at 100.0°C every hour. The efficiency of this heat engine is 21.6%. (2.A) What is the power output of the heat engine, in watts?(2.B) The temperature of the heat engine's boiler is 100.0°C, while the exhaust reservoir is maintained at 8.00°C. What is the difference between the theoretical maximum efficiency if the engine, and its actual efficiency? Please express your answer as a percentage.PROBLEM 4 A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at a comfortable temperature. On an average winter day, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ h¯¹. The heat pump has a COP of 2.5 under these conditions. Questions: (a) Determine the net power input required by the heat pump, in kW. (b) The rate at which heat is extracted from the cold outdoor air, in kW.
- A heat engine operates between a hot reservoir at 500°C and a cold reservoir at 25°C. It has an efficiency of 40%. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed from the hot reservoir when the engine expels 1500 J of heat to the cold reservoir.You are hired to build a geothermal power plant that absorbs heat from a hot water spring and discards heat into the surrounding air, which is at a temperature of 23°. The plant is designed for a maximum (Carnot) efficiency of 0.13. a) What is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the hot water gushing from the spring? TH = b) If the rate of energy supplied to the plant by the hot-water source is 4.6 kW, what is the plant’s maximum rate of power output, in kilowatts? P = c) If the geothermal source becomes cooler over time, how will the maximum efficiency of the plant change? Assume that the temperature of the surrounding air remains constant: _The efficiency will increase. _The efficiency will decrease. _There is not enough information to determine how the efficiency will change. _The efficiency will remain the same.4. Suppose that a nuclear power plant has an efficiency of about 0.34, and generates 1000 MW of power. It is located on the banks of a major river that is 67 m wide near the plant, approximately 3 m deep, and flows at a rate of 0.5 m/s. Suppose that the plant re-routes all of this water into the plant and dumps its waste heat evenly throughout the water, then returns the warmer water to the river. How much warmer is the river downstream of the plant compared to upstream? Water's specific heat is approximately 4184 J/kg/K, and its density is 1000 kg/m³. [Answer: The water is warmer by 4.62 K. This is a lot warmer!]