A billiard player hits a cue ball of mass m=0.170 kg that was initially at rest with the cue stick. The force exerted on the ball during the impact is shown in the following graph. Assume that the friction between the table and the ball is negligible. Calculate the speed of the cue ball right after the impact

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.