A (5m x 5m) square foundation is constructed at 2.5m in a soil with the following y = 18.34 kN/m³ c' = 28.0 kN/m² and p' = 31° Using a factor of safety of 3 against bearing capacity failure and assuming a consta soil, determine the safe bearing capacity (qa in kN/m2) when: a) The water table is level with the foundation base (Scenario A) b) The water table rises to 1m below Ground Level (G.L.) (Scenario B) with fluctuation of GWT from scena

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.