A 500 ha watershed has the land use/cover and corresponding runoff coefficient as given below: Land use/cover Area (ha) Runoff coefficient Forest 250 0.10 Pasture 50 0.11 Cultivate land 200 0.30 The maximum length of travel of water in the watershed is about 3000 m and the elevation difference between the highest and outlet points of the watershed is 25 m. The maximum intensity duration frequency relationship of the watershed is given by 6.31170. 1523 %3D (D+0.50)0945 where, i = intensity in cm/h, T= return period in years and D= duration of the rainfall in hours, Estiat the (i) 25 year peak runoff from the watershed and (ii) the 25 year peak runoff if the forest cover nae decreased to 50 ha and the cultivated land has encroached upon the pasture and forest lands toO na a total coverage of 450 ha. %3D

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Q: Engineering hydrology - hydrograph analysis

A: Step 1:Step 2:

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Precipitation

Precipitation forms the basis of the water cycle on the Earth. The air is packed with water molecules in the form of moisture or water vapor. This water vapor usually rises to the atmosphere due to density differences. Precipitation represents any form of water, in liquid form or frozen form that forms in the earth's atmosphere. The water vapor up in the atmosphere condenses due to low temperature and it leads to the formation of clouds. The water vapor that forms clouds on account of condensation, is preferably known as cloud droplet. These cloud droplets when become heavy and can no longer sustain the weight of condensed water droplets, they come to the Earth in the form of rain, snow, ice pellets, and hail. Precipitation patterns, evaporation, and condensation are the three parameters that decide the global water cycle, climate change, and weather. Additionally, smoke and dust particles are equally important parameters for precipitation, as they provide the surface area for the water vapors to get condensed and to form water droplets. So they are known as condensation nuclei. The presence of other pollutants in the air also serves as condensation nuclei. Precipitation always results in the pure water supply to earth, as the salt from the seawater does not evaporate with the water.