A 450 mm x 500 mm column supports a dead load of 1000 kN and a live load of 780 kN. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 250 KPa. The base of footing is 1.6 m below the grade. Assume weight of concrete to be 23.5 KN/m3 and the soil has a porosity of 0.35 and specific gravity of 2.6. The total depth of footing is 525 mm with an effective depth of 450 mm. Above the natural ground surface is a 5 m high tank half-filled with water. Determine: a. Dimension of the footing b. Adequacy in terms of beam shear and punching shear c. steel reinforcement area

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.