A 4.5-m-long aluminum tube (1) is to be connected to a 2.4 m long bronze pipe (2) at B. When put in place, however, a gap of 8 mm exists between the two members, as shown in Fig. Aluminum tube (1) has an elastic modulus of 70 GPa and a cross-sectional area of 2,000 mm2. Bronze pipe (2) has an elastic modulus of 100 GPa and a cross-sectional area of 3,600 mm2. If bolts are inserted in the flanges and tightened so that the gap at B is closed, determine: the normal stresses .produced in each of the members

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.