A 4-cell aquifer model is conceptualized in the figure below. Cell 1 River Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 (a) Top view HIT (b) Cross section Impervious boundary The width of the aquifer strip is 3.0 km; the length of each cell is 5 km. The recharge rates for the aquifer strip is 400 mm/yr, 300 mm/yr, 300 mm/yr, 200 mm/yr in Cells 1,2,3, and 4,respectively. The water level in the river is maintained at a constant elevation of 160 m above the horizontal impervious bottom. The hydraulic conductivity in Cells 1 and 2 is 3 m/d, while in Cells 3 and 4 it is 6 m/d. Using this conceptual model, determine: 1. Write the steady-flow balance equations to estimate average water levels in the four cells. 2. Solve these equations to determine the average elevations in the 4 cells without pumping. 3. Solve these equations when pumping takes place in Cells 2 and 3 at rates of 4×106 m3/yr and 7×106 m3/yr, respectively.

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Groundwater Flow

The term groundwater refers to the water which is found beneath the earth's surface. Pores present in the soil and rocks with fractures make a passage for rainwater to enter the earth's surface and deposit as groundwater. The flow nature and direction of groundwater under the earth's surface directly impacts the strength and compressibility of the soil, which reflects its ability to support structural loads.