A 3-phase system has a single phase to earth fault (i.e. phase A is short circuit to earth while phase B and C are healthy). The equivalent impedances are Z+=j0.4pu, Z.-j0.3pu, Zo-j0.1pu. Calculate the per-unit phase A current /A. с B A O-14.05pu O-13.95pu O-13.85pu O-j3.75pu O-13.65pu

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.