a 140 b Coal Gas Liquids - Biomass National total 0.0% -3.3% 120 O Non-polluting energy 100 Electricity 4.2% 3.5% 80 Industry -5.2% -6.2% 60 Building -1.1% --0.3% 40- 20 Transportation 0.0% -0.1% -4 -2 2 -5 -2.5 2.5 5 2015 REF USS0 2015 REF US50 Changes in energy use (EJ) Changes in energy use (EJ) BASE HR 400 Coal - Gas - Liquids Biomass 350- National total Б0% -50% -50% 300 Electricity -19% -51% 250 50% 200 - Industry -71% 66% 150- Building -65% -71% 100- 50 Transportation 2015 REF US50 2015 REF US50 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 BASE HR Reduction in PM mortality cost (billion $) Reduction in PM mortality cost (billion $) g. 1 National energy system and PMs mortality cost responses to the 50% PM25 mortality cost reduction (US50) based on two reference cenarios. National total energy use (EJ) by fuel (a), sectoral changes in energy use (EJ) by fuel for BASE USS0 relative to BASE REF (b) and HR US50 lative to HR REF (c); national total PM25 mortality costs (billion 2018$) by fuel (d), and sectoral changes in PM25 mortality costs (billion $) by fuel for S50 reductions under BASE (e), and HR scenarios (f). With the exception of the bars labeled 2015, all values are for 2050. Changes in the transportation ector are negligible. The nonpolluting energy category includes geothermal, hydropower, wind, and solar power in the electricity sector, and hydrogen and ectricity in end-use sectors. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. PM mortality cost (billion) Energy use (EJ)

a 140 b Coal Gas Liquids - Biomass National total 0.0% -3.3% 120 O Non-polluting energy 100 Electricity 4.2% 3.5% 80 Industry -5.2% -6.2% 60 Building -1.1% --0.3% 40- 20 Transportation 0.0% -0.1% -4 -2 2 -5 -2.5 2.5 5 2015 REF USS0 2015 REF US50 Changes in energy use (EJ) Changes in energy use (EJ) BASE HR 400 Coal - Gas - Liquids Biomass 350- National total Б0% -50% -50% 300 Electricity -19% -51% 250 50% 200 - Industry -71% 66% 150- Building -65% -71% 100- 50 Transportation 2015 REF US50 2015 REF US50 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 BASE HR Reduction in PM mortality cost (billion $) Reduction in PM mortality cost (billion $) g. 1 National energy system and PMs mortality cost responses to the 50% PM25 mortality cost reduction (US50) based on two reference cenarios. National total energy use (EJ) by fuel (a), sectoral changes in energy use (EJ) by fuel for BASE USS0 relative to BASE REF (b) and HR US50 lative to HR REF (c); national total PM25 mortality costs (billion 2018$) by fuel (d), and sectoral changes in PM25 mortality costs (billion $) by fuel for S50 reductions under BASE (e), and HR scenarios (f). With the exception of the bars labeled 2015, all values are for 2050. Changes in the transportation ector are negligible. The nonpolluting energy category includes geothermal, hydropower, wind, and solar power in the electricity sector, and hydrogen and ectricity in end-use sectors. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. PM mortality cost (billion) Energy use (EJ)