A 0.36 m. square pre-stressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clay soil having an unconfined compressive strength of 110 KPa. Unit weight of clay is 18.0 KN/cu.m. Design capacity of pile is 360 KN. Factor of Safety is 2.0, and Bearing Capacity Factor (Nc) is 9.0. a. Compute the length of pile using method if = 0.76 b. Compute the length of pile using method if = 0.14 c. Compute the length of pile using method if OR = 30 degrees and the clay has an over consolidated ratio of 3.

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.