__________________1. The process of measuring the lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse for the purpose of locating the position of certain points. __________________2. A traverse that starts at one point and terminates at another point, also called as an unclosed traverse. __________________3. Any temporary or permanent point of reference over which the instrument is set up. It is usually marked by a peg or a hub driven flush with the ground and identified by consecutive letters or numbers as the survey progresses.

__________________1. The process of measuring the lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse for the purpose of
locating the position of certain points.
__________________2. A traverse that starts at one point and terminates at another point, also called as an unclosed
traverse.
__________________3. Any temporary or permanent point of reference over which the instrument is set up. It is usually
marked by a peg or a hub driven flush with the ground and identified by consecutive letters or numbers as the survey
progresses.
__________________ 4. A method of traversing having the linear measurements done by using chain or stadia method and
angular measurements are done by theodolite.
__________________5. The length of each traverse line is also called.
__________________6. The orthographic projection on the east-west axis of the survey.
__________________7. No sound theoretical foundation since it is purely empirical; best suited for surveys where traverse
sides are measured by stadia or subtense bar method.
__________________8. A procedure of obtaining horizontal distances and differences in elevation based on the optical
geometry of the instrument employed.
__________________9. This remains constant and depends only on the spacing between the stadia hairs.
__________________10. It represents the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus.
__________________11. The amount by which the index or 0 degree mark on the vertical arc fails to coincide with the
index mark on the vernier.
__________________12. A correction, equal in magnitude to the index error but of opposite sign, applied algebraically to
the observed vertical angle and by means of which the angle may be adjusted.
__________________13. A type of traverse where the angles are measured right(clockwise) or left (counterclockwise)
from an extension of the back line to the forward station. It is often used for route surveys such as in railroads, highways,
and canals.
__________________14. An angle measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical line through
the instrument (the theodolite’s vertical circle is graduated from 0o clockwise to 360 degrees.

__________________15. A type of traverse used in property surveys where the angles are measured in either clockwise or
counterclockwise direction on the inside of a closed polygon as the survey party progresses around the traverse.