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_______ link together amino acid monomers in proteins. A. Peptide bonds B. Nucleic acid bonds C. Liquid bonds D. Carbohydrate bonds

_______ link together amino acid monomers in proteins. A. Peptide bonds B. Nucleic acid bonds C. Liquid bonds D. Carbohydrate bonds

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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_______ link together amino acid monomers in proteins. A. Peptide bonds B. Nucleic acid bonds C. Liquid bonds D. Carbohydrate bonds
Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. Biological macromolecules are the materials that make up most of the structures in living cells. Consider the genome, composed of DNA, or enzymes, made up of one or more proteins. Together, these macromolecules hold the cell together, carry out metabolism, synthesize compounds, and encode all the information necessary for all of these processes. Most macromolecules are polymers-chains or networks of similar monomers that are connected by chemical bonds. A monomer is a small molecule that can form bonds with other, similar monomers to form a polymer. Let's consider the four major types of biological molecules: 1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides. These molecules are made of monomers called monosaccharides. An example of a monosaccharide is a molecule of glucose. A chain of many glucose molecules linked together is a polysaccharide known as starch. Polysaccharides can be made of many of a single Learn It: Polymerization O M D - C Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. 4. Lipids: Lipids are the only biological macromolecule not considered to be a true polymer. Lipids are made up of a diverse array of building blocks, which are not similar. enough to one another to be considered monomers Polymerization, the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer, often occurs by means of a dehydration reaction. The name of this reaction should give you a hint as to what goes on during it-a molecule of water leaves. During dehydration, a hydrogen atom from one monomer combines with a hydroxyl (OH) group from another monomer to form water (H₂O). When the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups leave, the monomers form a strong covalent bond. This process occurs over and over, eventually resulting in a polymer, along with water molecules, which diffuse away from the reaction through the aqueous cytosol. Consider two amino acids, a glycine and an alanine. The hydroxyl group from the glycine can combine with a hydrogen from the ya alanine via dehydration synthesis, forming a dipeptide (a peptide with . Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. monosaccharide or from a mix of various monosaccharides. The iden identities of the monosaccharides, as well as the way that they are linked together, determine the identity of the polysaccharide. 2. Proteins: Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. The individual amino acids are the monomers, and the polymer is a chain of linked amino acids called a polypeptide. Interactions between the amino acids cause the polypeptides to fold and twist into shapes, which allow them to perform a wide variety of functions in the cell. 3. Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are polymers of the monomers called nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule encodes genes-a set of instructions for protein synthesis. All the information necessary to build a cell and its components can be found in the DNA and is written in the sequence of monomers that make up this polymer. 3 Learn It: Polymerization Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. monomer to form water (HO). Wisen the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups leave, the monomers form a strong covalent bond. This process occurs over and over, eventually resulting in a polymer, along. with water molecules, which diffuse away from the reaction through the aqueous cytosol. MD O - C Consider two amino acids, a glycine and an alanine. The hydroxyl group from the glycine can combine with a hydrogen from the alanine via dehydration synthesis, forming a dipeptide (a peptide with two amino acids) and a molecule of water. The covalent bond that links the glycine to the alanine is known as a peptide bond, a bond that holds a polypeptide together. This is shown in the image. Gine &#x2020 Cengage CH₂ Na Dehydration ap >< CH₂ peptide bond 95
Transcribed Image Text:Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. Biological macromolecules are the materials that make up most of the structures in living cells. Consider the genome, composed of DNA, or enzymes, made up of one or more proteins. Together, these macromolecules hold the cell together, carry out metabolism, synthesize compounds, and encode all the information necessary for all of these processes. Most macromolecules are polymers-chains or networks of similar monomers that are connected by chemical bonds. A monomer is a small molecule that can form bonds with other, similar monomers to form a polymer. Let's consider the four major types of biological molecules: 1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides. These molecules are made of monomers called monosaccharides. An example of a monosaccharide is a molecule of glucose. A chain of many glucose molecules linked together is a polysaccharide known as starch. Polysaccharides can be made of many of a single Learn It: Polymerization O M D - C Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. 4. Lipids: Lipids are the only biological macromolecule not considered to be a true polymer. Lipids are made up of a diverse array of building blocks, which are not similar. enough to one another to be considered monomers Polymerization, the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer, often occurs by means of a dehydration reaction. The name of this reaction should give you a hint as to what goes on during it-a molecule of water leaves. During dehydration, a hydrogen atom from one monomer combines with a hydroxyl (OH) group from another monomer to form water (H₂O). When the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups leave, the monomers form a strong covalent bond. This process occurs over and over, eventually resulting in a polymer, along with water molecules, which diffuse away from the reaction through the aqueous cytosol. Consider two amino acids, a glycine and an alanine. The hydroxyl group from the glycine can combine with a hydrogen from the ya alanine via dehydration synthesis, forming a dipeptide (a peptide with . Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. monosaccharide or from a mix of various monosaccharides. The iden identities of the monosaccharides, as well as the way that they are linked together, determine the identity of the polysaccharide. 2. Proteins: Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. The individual amino acids are the monomers, and the polymer is a chain of linked amino acids called a polypeptide. Interactions between the amino acids cause the polypeptides to fold and twist into shapes, which allow them to perform a wide variety of functions in the cell. 3. Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are polymers of the monomers called nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule encodes genes-a set of instructions for protein synthesis. All the information necessary to build a cell and its components can be found in the DNA and is written in the sequence of monomers that make up this polymer. 3 Learn It: Polymerization Learn It: Explain how the process of polymerization relates to the formation of macromolecules. monomer to form water (HO). Wisen the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups leave, the monomers form a strong covalent bond. This process occurs over and over, eventually resulting in a polymer, along. with water molecules, which diffuse away from the reaction through the aqueous cytosol. MD O - C Consider two amino acids, a glycine and an alanine. The hydroxyl group from the glycine can combine with a hydrogen from the alanine via dehydration synthesis, forming a dipeptide (a peptide with two amino acids) and a molecule of water. The covalent bond that links the glycine to the alanine is known as a peptide bond, a bond that holds a polypeptide together. This is shown in the image. Gine &#x2020 Cengage CH₂ Na Dehydration ap >< CH₂ peptide bond 95
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