9. Answer all three parts of the following question: a. Explain how genetic drift can lead to a reduction in the genetic variation within a population. b. Under what conditions is drift most likely to occur? c. A flock of migrating birds is blown off course by a storm and carried towards a small island that has no birds. Only three of the birds sur- vive the storm and make it to the island. They start to reproduce and, after several years, there are 500 birds on the island. Does the genetic variation in this population of birds result from a population bottleneck or the founder effect? Explain.

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Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.

Quantitative Genetics

Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.