9. (a) Sketch the Mode I, Mode II, and Mode III crack opening geometries, and clearly state which is the most commonly found in engineering structures. (b) Define plane stress and plane strain, making clear which, if any, of the stresses are zero in each case. (c) What is plane strain fracture toughness? are zero in each case. (0) what is 10. (a) Write Griffith's expression for the fracture stress of a material under plane stress conditions. Identify which parameters are applied and which are material constants. (b) What is the leak-before-break condition? Please explain.

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Crack Detection

Concrete materials are meant for supporting structures, building foundations and they act as several load-bearing structures. Over time, due to environmental conditions, and based on the constituent materials used, concrete materials are subjected to a great degree of distress. Corrosion of the reinforcement bars due to chemical influences, uneven base, earthquake, drying shrinkages, and alkali-aggregate reactions are some of the reasons for concrete distress.