course subject: Fundamentals of surveyingI. PROCEDUREEstablish at least six traverse stations at designated points on the field assigned to be surveyed. Call these stations (or corners) A, B, C, etc.Set the instrumentSight instrument on the last traverse station and read the magnetic bearing.Record this as the back bearing of the line in the traverse. 4.Sight B and read the instrument. Record this as the forward bearing of line AB. adjustment of traverse lines affected by local attraction is then made by startingfrom the unaffected or best line.5. The forward and back bearings of all other lines in the traverse affected by localattraction can then be easily computed and adjusted by again drawing a sketchthus making all calculations obvious.6. Finally, tabulate the adjusted bearings of the traverse. Refer to the accompanyingsample format shown below.ADJUSTED BEARINGSLINELENGTHFORWARDBACKABВСCDDEEA 6. Proceed to the next station and repeat the above procedure of determining backand forward bearings for each line. Continue until the last traverse station isoccupied and the forward bearing of the last line has been read and recordedaccordingly.7. With a plastic tape, measure the length of each line in the traverse.8. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly.OBSERVED BEARINGLINELENGTHFORWARDBACKАВ46.5mS 30°40' WN 30°40' EBC75.15S 83°50' EN 84°30' WCD117.35N 02°00' WS 02° 15' EDE74.92S 89°30'WDUE EASTEA60.25S 28°50' EN 28°00'WIV.Troubleshooting/ReflectionV.COMPUTATIONS1. The interior angle at each station of the traverse can be computed easily from theobserved forward and back bearings taken from the station regardless of whetheror not the needle is affected locally. A carefully prepared sketch is important sincefrom it the required calculations will be obvious.2. The angular error of closure is determined by subtracting the sum of the computedinterior angles of the traverse from (n-2)180°, where n is the number of sides inthe traverse. Note that the computed value may be positive or negative quantity,and the resulting sign should be considered in all succeeding computations.3. The correction for each computed interior angle is determined by dividing theangular error of closure by the number of traverse stations. This computed valueis then added algebraically to each computed interior angle to determine thecorresponding adjusted interior angle.4. Go over the observed bearings and determine which line in the traverse is freefrom local attraction or which could be arbitrarily chosen as the best line. The

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Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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course subject: Fundamentals of surveying

I. PROCEDURE

Establish at least six traverse stations at designated points on the field assigned to be surveyed. Call these stations (or corners) A, B, C, etc.
Set the instrument
Sight instrument on the last traverse station and read the magnetic bearing.

Record this as the back bearing of the line in the traverse.

4.Sight B and read the instrument. Record this as the forward bearing of line AB.

adjustment of traverse lines affected by local attraction is then made by starting
from the unaffected or best line.
5. The forward and back bearings of all other lines in the traverse affected by local
attraction can then be easily computed and adjusted by again drawing a sketch
thus making all calculations obvious.
6. Finally, tabulate the adjusted bearings of the traverse. Refer to the accompanying
sample format shown below.
ADJUSTED BEARINGS
LINE
LENGTH
FORWARD
BACK
AB
ВС
CD
DE
EA

6. Proceed to the next station and repeat the above procedure of determining back
and forward bearings for each line. Continue until the last traverse station is
occupied and the forward bearing of the last line has been read and recorded
accordingly.
7. With a plastic tape, measure the length of each line in the traverse.
8. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly.
OBSERVED BEARING
LINE
LENGTH
FORWARD
BACK
АВ
46.5m
S 30°40' W
N 30°40' E
BC
75.15
S 83°50' E
N 84°30' W
CD
117.35
N 02°00' W
S 02° 15' E
DE
74.92
S 89°30'W
DUE EAST
EA
60.25
S 28°50' E
N 28°00'W
IV.
Troubleshooting/Reflection
V.
COMPUTATIONS
1. The interior angle at each station of the traverse can be computed easily from the
observed forward and back bearings taken from the station regardless of whether
or not the needle is affected locally. A carefully prepared sketch is important since
from it the required calculations will be obvious.
2. The angular error of closure is determined by subtracting the sum of the computed
interior angles of the traverse from (n-2)180°, where n is the number of sides in
the traverse. Note that the computed value may be positive or negative quantity,
and the resulting sign should be considered in all succeeding computations.
3. The correction for each computed interior angle is determined by dividing the
angular error of closure by the number of traverse stations. This computed value
is then added algebraically to each computed interior angle to determine the
corresponding adjusted interior angle.
4. Go over the observed bearings and determine which line in the traverse is free
from local attraction or which could be arbitrarily chosen as the best line. The

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