8 = r, - r, = dsin 0 (36.1) This condition takes into account two factors: (1) the difference in path length for the two rays (the term ma,) and (2) the 180° phase change upon reflection (the term A,). Because A, = A/n, we can write Equation 36.11 as 2nt = (m+ )A m = 0, 1, 2, ... (36.12) If the extra distance 2t traveled by ray 2 corresponds to a multiple of A,, the two waves combine out of phase and the result is destructive interference. The general equation for destructive interference in thin films is 2nt 3D ma т %3D 0, 1, 2, ... (36.13)
Ray Optics
Optics is the study of light in the field of physics. It refers to the study and properties of light. Optical phenomena can be classified into three categories: ray optics, wave optics, and quantum optics. Geometrical optics, also known as ray optics, is an optics model that explains light propagation using rays. In an optical device, a ray is a direction along which light energy is transmitted from one point to another. Geometric optics assumes that waves (rays) move in straight lines before they reach a surface. When a ray collides with a surface, it can bounce back (reflect) or bend (refract), but it continues in a straight line. The laws of reflection and refraction are the fundamental laws of geometrical optics. Light is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength that falls within the visible spectrum.
Converging Lens
Converging lens, also known as a convex lens, is thinner at the upper and lower edges and thicker at the center. The edges are curved outwards. This lens can converge a beam of parallel rays of light that is coming from outside and focus it on a point on the other side of the lens.
Plano-Convex Lens
To understand the topic well we will first break down the name of the topic, ‘Plano Convex lens’ into three separate words and look at them individually.
Lateral Magnification
In very simple terms, the same object can be viewed in enlarged versions of itself, which we call magnification. To rephrase, magnification is the ability to enlarge the image of an object without physically altering its dimensions and structure. This process is mainly done to get an even more detailed view of the object by scaling up the image. A lot of daily life examples for this can be the use of magnifying glasses, projectors, and microscopes in laboratories. This plays a vital role in the fields of research and development and to some extent even our daily lives; our daily activity of magnifying images and texts on our mobile screen for a better look is nothing other than magnification.
The quantity nt as shown is called the optical path length corresponding to the geometrical distance t and is analogous to the quantity δ as shown, the path difference. The optical path length is proportional to n because a larger index of refraction shortens the wavelength, so more cycles of a wave fit into a particular geometrical distance. (a) Assume a mixture of corn syrup and water is prepared in a tank, with its index of refraction n increasing uniformly from 1.33 at y = 20.0 cm at the top to 1.90 at y = 0. Write the index of refraction n(y) as a function of y. (b) Compute the optical path length corresponding to the 20.0-cm height of the tank by calculating
∫20cm n(y)dy
(c) Suppose a narrow beam of light is directed into the mixture at a nonzero angle with respect to the normal to the surface of the mixture. Qualitatively describe its path.
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