7.48 The Graded Naming Test and sociocultural differences: Researchers often use z tests to compare their samples to known population norms. The Graded Naming Test (GNT) asks respondents to name objects in a set of 30 black-and-white drawings. The test, often used to detect brain damage, starts with casy words like kangaroo and gets progressively more difficult, end- ing with words like sextant. The GNT population norm for adults in England is 20.4. Roberts (2003) wondered whether a sample of Canadian adults had different scores than adults in England. If they were different, the English norms would not be valid for use in Canada. The mean for 30 Canadian adults was 17.5. For the purposes of this exercise, assume that the standard deviation of the adults in England is 3.2. a. Conduct all six steps of a z test. Be sure to label all six steps. b. Some words on the GNT are more commonly used in England. For example, a mitre, the headpiece worn by bishops, is worn by the archbishop of Can- terbury in public ceremonies in England. No Cana- dian participant correctly responded to this item, whereas 55% of English adults correctly responded. Explain why we should be cautious about applying norms to people different from those on whom the test was normed. C. When we conduct a one-tailed test instead of a two-tailed test, there are small changes in steps 2 and 4 of bypothesis testing. (Note: For this example. assume that those from populations other than the one on which it was normed will score lower, on average. That , hypothestre that thie Canadians will have a lower mean Conduct steps 2, 4, and 6 of lypothess testing for a one tailed test d Under which inntancea one taled or a two

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Permutations and Combinations

If there are 5 dishes, they can be relished in any order at a time. In permutation, it should be in a particular order. In combination, the order does not matter. Take 3 letters a, b, and c. The possible ways of pairing any two letters are ab, bc, ac, ba, cb and ca. It is in a particular order. So, this can be called the permutation of a, b, and c. But if the order does not matter then ab is the same as ba. Similarly, bc is the same as cb and ac is the same as ca. Here the list has ab, bc, and ac alone. This can be called the combination of a, b, and c.

Counting Theory

The fundamental counting principle is a rule that is used to count the total number of possible outcomes in a given situation.