6c. Utilization. Consider the scenario shown below, with a two clients sending to a server. The links attached to clients each have a capacity of R= R2 = 10 Mbps. The link from the router to the server has a capacity of and R3 = 100 Mbps, which is shared evenly between the two sources when they are each sending at their maximum rate. R R2 What is the utilization of the R, and R3 links, assuming that the clients are trying to send their maximum rates?
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- Suppose we have a web page which contains 10 objects including: a html main file, 8 jpg image, and a .mp3 background music. For simplicity, assume each of the 10 objects has a size of 4 Kbits and that each object can be completely transferred in one TCP packet. Furthermore, assume the round-trip time between the server and client is RTT= 250 ms, and the download rate is 1 Mbps. What will be the time it takes to complete transferring the web page running in the non-persistent mode? Total delay = msSuppose within your web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that three DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS. The first DNS server visited is the local DNS cache, with an RTT delay of RTT = 4 msecs. The second and third DNS servers contacted have RTTs of 45 and 24 msecs, respectively. Initially, let's suppose that the Web page associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount of HTML text. Suppose the RTT between the local host and the Web server containing the object is RTTHTTP = 9 msecs. Assuming zero transmission time for the HTML object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the object? (Do not forget the TCP handshake(s).) 82 msecs O 91 msecs O 46 msecs O 67 msecs1. Consider a path from host A to host B through a router X as follows: A- -X-B The capacity of the link AX is denoted Ra, while the capacity of the link XB is denoted Rb in units of [bits/s]. Assume that Ra Ri. Is it possible that the second packet queues at input queue of the second link? Explain. Now suppose that host A sends the second packet T seconds after sending the first packet. How large must T be to ensure no queueing before the second link? Explain.
- 1.4-10 Link Utilization (a). Consider the scenario below where 4 TCP senders are connected to 4 receivers. The servers transmit to the receiving hosts at the fastest rate possible (i.e., at the rate at which the bottleneck link between a server and its destination is operating at 100% utilization, and is fairly shared among the connections passing through that link). Server-1 Host-1 Server-2 Rs Rc Server-3 Rs Rc Rs R Rc Host-3 Server-4 Rs Rc Host-4 Host-2 Suppose that R = 1 Gbps and Rc is 300 Mbps and R, is 200 Mbps. Assuming that the servers are sending at their maximum rate possible, enter the link utilizations for the client links (whose rate is Rc) below. Enter your answer as a decimal, of the form 1.00 (if the utilization is 1, or 0.xx if the utilization is less than 1, rounded to the closest xx). The utilization of the client links, whose rate is Rc, is: [A]Consider the scenario below where 4 TCP senders are connected to 4 receivers. The servers transmit to the receiving hosts at the fastest rate possible (i.e., at the rate at which the bottleneck link between a server and its destination is operating at 100% utilization, and is fairly shared among the connections passing through that link). R =1 Gbps and Rc is 300 Mbps and Rs is 400 Mbps. And that all four senders have data to send, What is the minimum value of Re that will ensure that the connections to Host-1 and Host-2 are not bottlenecked at links with capacity Rc or Re?Q.4) Consider the scenario below where 4 TCP senders are connected to 4 receivers. Senders transmit to the receiving hosts at the fastest rate possible (i.e., at the rate at which the bottleneck link between a server and its destination is operating at 100% utilization, and is fairly shared among the connections passing through that link). R = 1 Gbps and again Rc is 300 Mbps and Rs is 400 Mbps and that all four senders have data to send, Server-1 Host-1 Server-2 Re Server-3 R Rc Host-3 Server-4 Host-4 Host-2 What is the minimum value of Re that will ensure that the connections to Host-1 and Host-2 are not bottlenecked at links with capacity Rc or Re?
- Consider a router buffer preceding an outbound link. In this problem, you will use Little’s formula, a famous formula from queuing theory. Let N denote the average number of packets in the buffer plus the packet being transmitted. Let a denote the rate of packets arriving at the link. Let d denote the average total delay (i.e., the queuing delay plus the transmission delay) experienced by a packet. Little’s formula is N=a⋅d . Suppose that on average, the buffer contains 10 packets, and the average packet queuing delay is 10 msec. The link’s transmission rate is 100 packets/sec. Using Little’s formula, what is the average packet arrival rate, assuming there is no packet loss?Consider four Internet hosts, each with a TCP session. These four TCP sessions share a common bottleneck link - all packet loss on the end-to-end paths for these four sessions occurs at just this one link. The bottleneck link has a transmission rate of R. The round trip times, RTT, for all fours hosts to their destinations are approximately the same. No other sessions are currently using this link. The four sessions have been running for a long time. i) What is the approximate throughput of each of these four TCP sessions? Explain your answer briefly. ii) What is the approximate size of the TCP window at each of these hosts? Explain briefly how you arrived at this answer.2. Suppose a large file of size F bits is to be sent from host A to host B. There are two links and two routers on the path from A to B. The links are uncongested and the link propagation delays are negligible. Host A segments the file into segments of size S bits each and adds 60 bits of header to each segment, forming packets of size L = S+ 60 bits. Each link has a transmission rate of R bps. Find the value of S that minimizes the file transfer delay from host A to host B.
- Consider a local network with a 1 Gbps access link to the Internet. Hosts on this network are accessing resources with an average size of 2 MB from a distant server at an average rate of 50 requests per second. a. What is the link utilization of the access link to the internet? b. Suppose these requests were to go through a caching proxy server. What would the link utilization to the internet be if half of all requests were served from the cache of the proxy server? с. resources never being needed for example.) Would this still provide any advantages to the end user? Would there be any disadvantages to the end user? Suppose the proxy server could not serve any content from cache (due to the sameConsider a network with the following topology: F The owner of the network is deploying a distance-vector routing protocol and the distance vector protocol exchanges distance-vectors every R seconds and the routers send their distance-vector before processing distance-vectors received from other routers. After two rounds, the distance vector table at router F looks as follows: F| Dest. Link E-F Cost 15 E-F 12 E-F 12 E-F 7 local a) How does the distance vector table at router F look like after the next round? b) Will there be further changes after the third round? If yes, which ones? If not, why not? c) Is it possible that F knows a cost towards a certain destination that is lower than the cost known by E for the same destination? Explain. ABCDEEB. Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that two DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS. The first DNS server visited is the local DNS cache, with an RTT delay of RTTO = 5 msecs. The second DNS server contacted has an RTT of 8 msecs. Initially, let's suppose that the Web page associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount of HTML text. Suppose the RTT between the local host and the Web server containing the object is RTTHTTP=63 msecs. 1. Assuming zero transmission time for the HTML object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the object? 2. Suppose the HTML object references 4 very small objects on the same web server. Neglecting transmission times, how much time elapses from when the client…