6. Please answer the following questions: (a) Why control of pH is considered important and what are the main sources of acidity and alkalinity in natural waters? (b) A 100-ml sample require 20.2 ml of 0.02N H₂SO4 to reach the phenolphthalein end point, and a total of 25.6 ml to reach the Methyl orange end point. Calculate total alkalinity and indicate what fraction corresponds to hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates (c) The uptake for a water supply system is located at a location named X3 (see Figure); upstream X3, there are two villages that discharge raw sewage at X1 and X2, and new wastewater treatment systems are needed in both villages in order to reduce the concentration of BOD. Calculate the current concentration of BOD at X3, and the required removal efficiency (% BOD removal) in the new wastewater treatment works (WWTW) to control BOD discharges at X1 and X2, so the BOD at X3 ≤

6. Please answer the following questions: (a) Why control of pH is considered important and what are the main sources of acidity and alkalinity in natural waters? (b) A 100-ml sample require 20.2 ml of 0.02N H₂SO4 to reach the phenolphthalein end point, and a total of 25.6 ml to reach the Methyl orange end point. Calculate total alkalinity and indicate what fraction corresponds to hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates (c) The uptake for a water supply system is located at a location named X3 (see Figure); upstream X3, there are two villages that discharge raw sewage at X1 and X2, and new wastewater treatment systems are needed in both villages in order to reduce the concentration of BOD. Calculate the current concentration of BOD at X3, and the required removal efficiency (% BOD removal) in the new wastewater treatment works (WWTW) to control BOD discharges at X1 and X2, so the BOD at X3 ≤

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.

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Step 2: Q-6 (a) Importance of controlling PH and source of acidity and alkalinity

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Step 3: Q-6 (b) Determine total alkalinity

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Step 4: Q-6 (b) Compute fractions of hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates

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Step 5: Q-6 (c) Calculate concentration of BOD at X2

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Step 6: Q-6 (c) Calculate concentration of BOD at X3

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