6. A reinforced concrete column has cross sectional dimensions of 400mm x 400mm. The column is required to carry the following (characteristic) loads (moments include eccentricity effects): ermanent Load mposed Load Axial Force 600KN 500KN Top 45 kNm 40 kNm My Bottom 30 kNm 45 kNm Top 40 kNm 50 kNm Mz Bottom 45 kNm 40 kNm a. Calculate the ultimate loads (P, My and M₂) that the column must be designed to resist. b. Calculate whether the column must be designed for biaxial bending. c. Design suitable column reinforcement. d. What would be the effect of reducing My (Bottom) to zero about both y-y and Z-Z.

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Design criteria for structural loading

The different loads such as loads due to self-weight (dead load) and external loads such as live load, wind loads, seismic load, snow load, and other loads and load combinations that influence the design of a building are called structural loading. The nature of the applied load differs from changes in the location, design, and type of materials used. The design criteria require that structures must be designed and constructed to be able to withstand all load types that are expected to act upon the structure and render its usage for the designated purpose. The structural members such as beams, slabs, columns, and foundations help the structure to withstand the applied load. There are different institutes such as ASCE and ACI that provide building design codes to assure minimum safety requirements and quality of the structures.