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6 km 270 km 2900 km 5-70 km- Upper mantle (rocky, includes weak and strong layers) Lower mantle (hot, but strong because of high pressure) Lithosphere- (strong, rocky layers) -100 km Outer core (liquid iron) Inner core (solid iron) Upper- mantle 600 km Oceanic crust Lithospheric mantle (strong layer) Asthenosphere (hot, weak layer) Continental crust

6 km 270 km 2900 km 5-70 km- Upper mantle (rocky, includes weak and strong layers) Lower mantle (hot, but strong because of high pressure) Lithosphere- (strong, rocky layers) -100 km Outer core (liquid iron) Inner core (solid iron) Upper- mantle 600 km Oceanic crust Lithospheric mantle (strong layer) Asthenosphere (hot, weak layer) Continental crust

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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70 Applications and Investigations in Earth Science. 1216 km² 2270 km 2900 km 5-70 km- A Figure 4.8 Earth's internal structure. Crust (strong, rocky layer 5-70 km thick) Upper mantle (rocky, includes weak. and strong layers) Lower mantle (hot, but strong because of high pressure) Lithosphere (strong, rocky layers) -100 km Outer core (liquid iron) Inner core (solid iron) km/sec km/sec Upper- mantle 600 km Oceanic crust Lithospheric mantle (strong layer) Asthenosphere (hot, weak layer) Continental crust • Crust The crust is Earth's relatively thin, rocky outer skin There are two types of crust: continental crust, which has an average composition of a granitic rock called granodiorite, and oceanic crust, composed of mafic (basaltic) rocks. • Mantle More than 82 percent of Earth's volume is contained in the mantle, a rocky shell made of ultramafic rocks that extends to a depth of about 2900 kilometers (1800 miles). The mantle's physical properties vary with depth and consist of a rigid upper layer, which, combined with the continental and oceanic crust, forms the lithosphere. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, consisting of weaker rocks. Beneath this weak layer the mantle becomes increasingly stronger (more rigid) with depth Lithosphere The lithosphere consists of the entire crust and uppermost mantle and forms Earth's relatively cool, rigid outer shell that averages about 100 kilometers (62 miles) in thickness. • Asthenosphere The arrow on the callout figure above implies depths closer to 500+ km. Beneath the stiff lithosphere to a depth of about 350 kilometers (200 miles) lies a soft, weak layer known as the asthenosphere. • Outer core The outer core is a liquid layer 2270 kilometers (1410 miles) thick that is composed mainly of an iron-nickel alloy. • Inner core The inner core is a solid sphere with a radius of 1216 kilometers (754 miles), and like the outer core, it is composed mainly of an iron-nickel alloy. ACTIVITY 4.4 Discovering Earth's Interior The study of seismic waves has improved our understanding of Earth's interior. In general, the velocities of P and S waves indicate the rigidity or stiffness of the material. Faster P and S waves indicate greater rigidity (strength). Further, S waves cannot travel through liquids because they lack rigidity. Figure 4.9 shows the average velocities of P and S waves at various depths. Use this figure to complete the following. 1. Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease with increased depth in the lithosphere? The velocity of P waves and S waves with increased depth in the lithosphere. 2. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the lithosphere? P wave velocity: S wave velocity:1-4.5
Transcribed Image Text:70 Applications and Investigations in Earth Science. 1216 km² 2270 km 2900 km 5-70 km- A Figure 4.8 Earth's internal structure. Crust (strong, rocky layer 5-70 km thick) Upper mantle (rocky, includes weak. and strong layers) Lower mantle (hot, but strong because of high pressure) Lithosphere (strong, rocky layers) -100 km Outer core (liquid iron) Inner core (solid iron) km/sec km/sec Upper- mantle 600 km Oceanic crust Lithospheric mantle (strong layer) Asthenosphere (hot, weak layer) Continental crust • Crust The crust is Earth's relatively thin, rocky outer skin There are two types of crust: continental crust, which has an average composition of a granitic rock called granodiorite, and oceanic crust, composed of mafic (basaltic) rocks. • Mantle More than 82 percent of Earth's volume is contained in the mantle, a rocky shell made of ultramafic rocks that extends to a depth of about 2900 kilometers (1800 miles). The mantle's physical properties vary with depth and consist of a rigid upper layer, which, combined with the continental and oceanic crust, forms the lithosphere. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, consisting of weaker rocks. Beneath this weak layer the mantle becomes increasingly stronger (more rigid) with depth Lithosphere The lithosphere consists of the entire crust and uppermost mantle and forms Earth's relatively cool, rigid outer shell that averages about 100 kilometers (62 miles) in thickness. • Asthenosphere The arrow on the callout figure above implies depths closer to 500+ km. Beneath the stiff lithosphere to a depth of about 350 kilometers (200 miles) lies a soft, weak layer known as the asthenosphere. • Outer core The outer core is a liquid layer 2270 kilometers (1410 miles) thick that is composed mainly of an iron-nickel alloy. • Inner core The inner core is a solid sphere with a radius of 1216 kilometers (754 miles), and like the outer core, it is composed mainly of an iron-nickel alloy. ACTIVITY 4.4 Discovering Earth's Interior The study of seismic waves has improved our understanding of Earth's interior. In general, the velocities of P and S waves indicate the rigidity or stiffness of the material. Faster P and S waves indicate greater rigidity (strength). Further, S waves cannot travel through liquids because they lack rigidity. Figure 4.9 shows the average velocities of P and S waves at various depths. Use this figure to complete the following. 1. Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease with increased depth in the lithosphere? The velocity of P waves and S waves with increased depth in the lithosphere. 2. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the lithosphere? P wave velocity: S wave velocity:1-4.5
©2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Asthenosphere- Lithosphere Crust Lower mantle Outer core 2 Inner core S waves S waves 4 Exercise Four / Earthquakes and Earth's Interior 71 8 6 Velocity (km/sec) 10 P waves 12 0 1000 The asthenosphere is ess rigid than the lithosphere. 5. How does the velocity of seismic waves change with increasing depth in the lower mantle? 2000 14 E 3000 -4000 -5000 6000 ▲ Figure 4.9 Illustration showing how P and S wave velocities vary with depth. Although S waves cannot penetrate the outer core, they can still appear in the inner core. When P waves strike the boundary between the inner core and the outer core, some of that energy is converted into S waves, which then travel though the solid inner core. 3. Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease immediately below the lithosphere? The velocity of P waves and S waves deco immediately below the lithosphere. 4. Does the change in velocity of seismic waves as they enter the asthenosphere indicate that the asthenosphere is more or less rigid than the lithosphere? 6. Does the change in velocity of seismic waves with increasing depth in the lower mantle indicate that the rock in the mantle becomes more or less rigid with depth? The rock in the mantle becomes more rigid with depth. 7. What happens to S waves when they reach the outer core, and what does this indicate about this layer? 8. Do P waves increase or decrease in velocity as they enter the outer core? The velocity of P waves 9. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the mantle? P wave velocity: km/sec km/sec S wave velocity: 10. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the inner core? P wave velocity: km/sec km/sec S wave velocity: 11. Based on your answers to Questions 9 and 10, compare the rigidity of the material in Earth's inner core to that of the lowermost mantle.
Transcribed Image Text:©2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Asthenosphere- Lithosphere Crust Lower mantle Outer core 2 Inner core S waves S waves 4 Exercise Four / Earthquakes and Earth's Interior 71 8 6 Velocity (km/sec) 10 P waves 12 0 1000 The asthenosphere is ess rigid than the lithosphere. 5. How does the velocity of seismic waves change with increasing depth in the lower mantle? 2000 14 E 3000 -4000 -5000 6000 ▲ Figure 4.9 Illustration showing how P and S wave velocities vary with depth. Although S waves cannot penetrate the outer core, they can still appear in the inner core. When P waves strike the boundary between the inner core and the outer core, some of that energy is converted into S waves, which then travel though the solid inner core. 3. Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease immediately below the lithosphere? The velocity of P waves and S waves deco immediately below the lithosphere. 4. Does the change in velocity of seismic waves as they enter the asthenosphere indicate that the asthenosphere is more or less rigid than the lithosphere? 6. Does the change in velocity of seismic waves with increasing depth in the lower mantle indicate that the rock in the mantle becomes more or less rigid with depth? The rock in the mantle becomes more rigid with depth. 7. What happens to S waves when they reach the outer core, and what does this indicate about this layer? 8. Do P waves increase or decrease in velocity as they enter the outer core? The velocity of P waves 9. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the mantle? P wave velocity: km/sec km/sec S wave velocity: 10. What are the approximate velocities of P and S waves at the bottom of the inner core? P wave velocity: km/sec km/sec S wave velocity: 11. Based on your answers to Questions 9 and 10, compare the rigidity of the material in Earth's inner core to that of the lowermost mantle.
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