57. A particle moves among n +1 vertices that are situated on a circle in the following manner. At each step it moves one step either in the clockwise direction with probability p or the counterclockwise direction with probability q = 1 – p. Starting at a specified state, call it state 0, let T be the time of the first return to state 0. Find the probability that all states have been visited by time T. Hint: Condition on the initial transition and then use results from the gam- bler's ruin problem.

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57. A particle moves among n + 1 vertices that are situated on a circle in
the following manner. At each step it moves one step either in the clockwise
direction with probability p or the counterclockwise direction with probability
q = 1 – p. Starting at a specified state, call it state 0, let T be the time of the
first return to state 0. Find the probability that all states have been visited by
time T.
Hint: Condition on the initial transition and then use results from the gam-
bler's ruin problem.
Transcribed Image Text:57. A particle moves among n + 1 vertices that are situated on a circle in the following manner. At each step it moves one step either in the clockwise direction with probability p or the counterclockwise direction with probability q = 1 – p. Starting at a specified state, call it state 0, let T be the time of the first return to state 0. Find the probability that all states have been visited by time T. Hint: Condition on the initial transition and then use results from the gam- bler's ruin problem.
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