## Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short runIn the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen.For example, the **sticky-price theory** asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 110. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will **increase**, and firms that rely on catalogs will respond by **increasing** the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected increase in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to **rise** above the natural level of output in the short run.Suppose the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve is given by the following equation:\[ \text{Quantity of Output Supplied} = \text{Natural Level of Output} + \alpha \times (\text{Price Level}_{\text{Actual}} - \text{Price Level}_{\text{Expected}}) \]The Greek letter $ \alpha $ represents a number that determines how much output responds to unexpected changes in the price level. In this case, assume that $ \alpha = 2 $ billion. That is, when the actual price level exceeds the expected price level by 1, the quantity of output supplied will exceed the natural level of output by $2 billion.Suppose the natural level of output is $60 billion of real GDP and that people expect a price level of 110.*On the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot this economy's long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve. Then use the orange line segments (square symbol) to plot the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve at each of the following price levels: 100, 105, 110, 115, 120.* The image contains a graph and a brief explanatory text related to the concepts of Aggregate Supply (AS) and Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS). Here is a detailed transcription and explanation suitable for an educational website:---### Understanding Aggregate Supply and Long-Run Aggregate SupplyIn this section, we will explore the relationship between price levels and the output of goods and services in an economy, particularly focusing on Aggregate Supply (AS) and Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS).#### Graph AnalysisThe graph presented depicts the relationship between the **Price Level (vertical axis)** and **Output (horizontal axis, measured in billions of dollars)**. Two different supply curves are illustrated:1. **AS (Aggregate Supply):** Represented by an orange line.2. **LRAS (Long-Run Aggregate Supply):** Represented by a purple line with a diamond shape at the central point.This graph helps us understand how the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy (output) changes in response to different price levels.#### Key Observations:- **Price Level Scale:** Ranges from 75 to 125.- **Output Scale:** Ranges from 0 to 100 billion dollars.#### Concept HighlightThe text accompanying the graph states:> "The short-run quantity of output supplied by firms will fall below the natural level of output when the actual price level __________ the price level that people expected."This statement underscores the critical concept that in the short run, if the actual price level deviates from what people anticipated, it can lead to a mismatch in output.---This graph is instrumental in understanding the dynamics of aggregate supply in different time frames and provides a visual aid for comprehending these economic principles comprehensively.

The sticky wage theory estimates that worker pay will in general answer gradually to changes in…

5. Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short run In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen. For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 110. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will and firms that rely on catalogs will respond by the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected increase in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to the natural level of output in the short run. Suppose the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve is given by the following equation:

5. Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short run In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen. For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 110. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will and firms that rely on catalogs will respond by the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected increase in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to the natural level of output in the short run. Suppose the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve is given by the following equation:

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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5. Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short run In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen. For example, the sticky-wage theory asserts that output prices adjust more quickly to changes in the price level than wages do, in part because of long-term wage contracts. Suppose a firm signs a contract agreeing to pay its workers $15 per hour for the next year, based on an expected price level of 100. If the actual price level turns out to be 110, the firm's output prices will v, and the wages the firm pays its workers will remain fixed at the contracted level. The firm will respond to the unexpected increase in the price level by the quantity of output It supplles. If many firms face simlarly rigld wage contracts, the unexpected Increase In the price level causes the quantity of output…
Price Level Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply 200 10,000 4,000 300 9,000 6,000 400 8,000 8,000 500 7,000 9,000 600 6,000 9,500 700 5,000 9,800 800 4,000 9,900 The table above shows the initial aggregate supply and demand data for a country. If input prices rise and AS shifts to the left by 2,000 units at each price level, what is the new equilibrium output level? 8,000 O 2,000 7,000 O 6,000
"Fracking" is a relatively new technology that allows drillers to extract significantly larger quantities of natural gas from existing deposits than was previously possible. How is this discovery likely to affect the economy? (Hint: Think about whether this will have a short-run or long-run effect.) This discovery will likely: O increase both SRAS and LRAS, leading to a long-term increase in output and decrease in prices. O increase AD but decrease both SRAS and LRAS, leading to an uncertain change in long- term output and a decrease in prices. decrease both SRAS and LRAS, leading to a long-term decrease in output and increase in prices. O increase AD, SRAS, and LRAS, leading to a long-term increase in output and an uncertain change in prices.
Suppose that the coronavirus pandemic (COVID 19) in 2020 has resulted in a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve (it has also shifted the short-run aggregate supply to the left, but let’s ignore this effect here for simplification). A. Use the aggregate-demand/aggregate-supply model to show the effects on output and the price level/inflation in both the short run and long run (assume that the short-run aggregate supply curve is upward sloping). B. Show the adjustment process of the economy from the short run to the long run. C. What is the effect on unemployment in short run and long run? D. Can policymakers use monetary policy (and/or fiscal policy) to accommodate this shock? Describe what happens to the economy in response to this policy action.
2) Use the table above to answer the following questions.a) What is the value of real GDP and price level at the long run macroeconomic equilibrium?b) What is the value of real GDP and price level at the short run macroeconomic equilibrium?c) Is the short-run macroeconomic equilibrium a full-employment equilibrium, below full-employment equilibrium, or above full-employment equilibrium?d) How will this economy return to its long run equilibrium? Explain using self-correctingmechanism.
Explain briefly three important reasons why firms have sticky prices in the short run. Given an example of a price that is sticky in the short run but flexible in the long run.
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Prepare a scratch paper in order to solve the following qu ions. The short run aggregate supply curve shifts leftward when costs of production increase O True False The aggregate demand curve is the total quantity of an economy's intermediate goods demanded at all price levels O True O False
Suppose the economy is in the long-run equilibrium. b. Now suppose war in the world's main oil- producing region sharply reduces the world oil supply, causing oil prices to rise and increasing the costs of producing goods and services in this economy. Use your diagram to show what happens to output and the price level in the short run. c. Use the sticky-wage theory of aggregate supply to explain what will happen to output and the price level in the long run (assuming there are no policy changes). What role does the expected price level play in this adjustment? Be sure to illustrate your analysis in a graph.
Determine whether each of the following would cause a shift of the aggregate demand curve, a shift of the aggregate supply curve, a shift in neither curve, or shift in both curves. If a shift is caused, indicate which curve shifts, and in which direction it shifts. What happens to aggregate output and the price level in each case? 4. The wages rate decreases.
es/118790/quizzes/952344/take OS D SU My ASU ASU CANVAS Question 2 Which of the following would cause a shift in the short-run aggregate supply curve, but no change in the long-run aggregate supply curve? O an increase in the size of the labor force an increase in the wage rate an increase in the quantity of capital O all of the above would shiftboththe long-run aggregate supply curve and the short-run aggregate supply curve. Question 3 Which of the following would NOT lead to a shift in the long- run aggregate supply curve? O An increase in the money supply. 1
Which of the following would cause the Aggregate Supply curve to move from AS to AS2 in the graph below? A) A general increase in energy and labor cost for businesses. B) A general decrease in labor cost for businesses. C) An increase in productivity. D) A federal government increase in spending.