Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Label the answer my question number I will get confued
Transcribed Image Text:**Timeline of Significant Evolutionary Events on Earth**
1. **4,500 mya (Million Years Ago)**
- Illustration of early Earth, showcasing a molten and rocky planet with an asteroid impact.
2. **3,500 mya**
- Appearance of simple cellular life forms, represented by drawings of bacteria.
3. **3,000 mya**
- Development of photosynthetic organisms, exemplified by illustrations of cyanobacteria-like cells.
4. **2,000 mya**
- Emergence of eukaryotic cells, depicted as more complex, nucleus-containing cells.
5. **1,500 mya**
- Development of multicellular life forms, illustrated by clusters of cells.
6. **1,000 mya**
- Simple aquatic creatures, such as jellyfish, depicted to show early animal life.
7. **500 mya**
- Transition to land, indicated by images of early plants and fungi on land.
8. **Present Day**
- Illustration of modern humans walking, highlighting the progression to advanced species.
**Graph Details:**
The timeline is visually represented as a vertical line with time markers. Each significant evolutionary event is linked to an illustration that provides a visual representation for ease of understanding. This showcases the complexity and diversity of life over Earth’s history.
Transcribed Image Text:### Life Cycle of HIV - Diagram Explanation
The diagram illustrates the life cycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as it progresses through a host cell. Here’s a detailed explanation of the numbered steps corresponding to the diagram:
1. **HIV Entry**: The virus binds to the surface of the host cell and releases its RNA into the cytoplasm. This is shown as the virus particle attaching to the cell surface.
2. **Reverse Transcription**: Inside the cell, the viral RNA is converted into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This process is depicted by the blue DNA strand emerging from the RNA template.
3. **Integration**: The newly formed viral DNA enters the nucleus of the host cell and integrates into the host's DNA. This is represented by the DNA strand moving into the nucleus.
4. **Transcription and Translation**: Once integrated, the viral DNA is transcribed and translated into new viral proteins and RNA. This step involves the production of viral components within the cytoplasm.
5. **Assembly and Budding**: New viral particles are assembled from the synthesized proteins and RNA. These particles then bud off from the host cell to infect other cells, shown by the formation of a new virus particle.
The cycle then continues as the new virus infects more cells, maintaining the infection within the host.
Expert Solution
Step 1
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS in humans due to the weakening of the immune system. The virus attacks white blood cells of the body and they replicate using human genetic mechanisms and ultimately killing the host cell.
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