5. An ion channel can be in either open (O) or closed (C) states. If it is open, then it has probability 0.1 of closing in 1 microsecond; if closed, it has probability 0.3 of opening in 1 microsecond. Calculate the probability of the ion channel going through the following sequence of states: COO.

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5. An ion channel can be in either open (O) or closed (C) states. If it is open, then it has probability 0.1
of closing in 1 microsecond; if closed, it has probability 0.3 of opening in 1 microsecond. Calculate
the probability of the ion channel going through the following sequence of states: COO.
6. An individual can be either susceptible (S) or infected (I), the probability of infection for a susceptible
person is 0.05 per day, and the probability an infected person becoming susceptible is 0.12 per day.
Calculate the probability of a person going through the following string of states: SISI.
7. The genotype
an organism can be either normal (wild type, W) or mutant (M). Each generation, a
wild type individual has probability 0.03 of having a mutant offspring, and a mutant has probability
0.005 of having a wild type offspring. Calculate the probability of a string of the following genotypes
in successive generations: WWW.
8. There are three kinds of vegetation in an ecosystem: grass (G), shrubs (S), and trees (T) . Every year,
25% of grassland plots are converted to shrubs, 20% of shrub plots are converted to trees, 8% of
trees are converted to shrubs, and 1% of trees are converted to grass; the other transition
probabilities are 0. Calculate the probability of a plot of land have the following succession of
vegetation from year to year: GSGG.
9. The NACHR ion channel can be in one of three states: resting (R), closed with Ach bound (C), and
open (O) with transition probabilities (per one microsecond): 0.04 (from R to C), 0.07 (from C to R),
0.12 (from C to O) and 0.02 (from O to C); the other transition probabilities are 0. Calculate the
probability of the following string of states: OCCR.
10. (Challenging) We considered a sequence of Bernoulli trials in chapter 4, for example a string of coin
tosses where each time heads and tails come up with probability 0.5. Describe this experiment as a
Markov model, draw its transition diagram and write its transition matrix.
11. (Challenging) Now do the same for a sequence of Bernoulli trials where success has probability 0.9
(and failure has probability 0.1).
12. (Challenging) Can you formulate a test, based on a transition matrix of a Markov model, to tell
whether it's generating a string of independent random variables as opposed to a string of random
variables that depend on the previous one?
Transcribed Image Text:5. An ion channel can be in either open (O) or closed (C) states. If it is open, then it has probability 0.1 of closing in 1 microsecond; if closed, it has probability 0.3 of opening in 1 microsecond. Calculate the probability of the ion channel going through the following sequence of states: COO. 6. An individual can be either susceptible (S) or infected (I), the probability of infection for a susceptible person is 0.05 per day, and the probability an infected person becoming susceptible is 0.12 per day. Calculate the probability of a person going through the following string of states: SISI. 7. The genotype an organism can be either normal (wild type, W) or mutant (M). Each generation, a wild type individual has probability 0.03 of having a mutant offspring, and a mutant has probability 0.005 of having a wild type offspring. Calculate the probability of a string of the following genotypes in successive generations: WWW. 8. There are three kinds of vegetation in an ecosystem: grass (G), shrubs (S), and trees (T) . Every year, 25% of grassland plots are converted to shrubs, 20% of shrub plots are converted to trees, 8% of trees are converted to shrubs, and 1% of trees are converted to grass; the other transition probabilities are 0. Calculate the probability of a plot of land have the following succession of vegetation from year to year: GSGG. 9. The NACHR ion channel can be in one of three states: resting (R), closed with Ach bound (C), and open (O) with transition probabilities (per one microsecond): 0.04 (from R to C), 0.07 (from C to R), 0.12 (from C to O) and 0.02 (from O to C); the other transition probabilities are 0. Calculate the probability of the following string of states: OCCR. 10. (Challenging) We considered a sequence of Bernoulli trials in chapter 4, for example a string of coin tosses where each time heads and tails come up with probability 0.5. Describe this experiment as a Markov model, draw its transition diagram and write its transition matrix. 11. (Challenging) Now do the same for a sequence of Bernoulli trials where success has probability 0.9 (and failure has probability 0.1). 12. (Challenging) Can you formulate a test, based on a transition matrix of a Markov model, to tell whether it's generating a string of independent random variables as opposed to a string of random variables that depend on the previous one?
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