5. An article in the British Medical Journal provided the following discussion of success rates in kidneystone removals. Open surgery had a success rate of 78% (273 patients out of 350) and a newer method,percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PN), had a success rate of 83% (289 patients out of 350). This newermethod looked better but the results changed when stone diameter was considered. For stones withdiameters less than 2 centimeters, 93% (81 patients out of 87) of cases of open surgery were successful,compared with only 87% (234 patients out of 270) of cases of PN. For larger stones, the successrates were 73% (192 patients out of 263) and 69% (55 patients out of 80) for open surgery and PN,respectively.Open surgery is better for both stone sizes, but less successful in total. This apparent contradictionwas pointed out by the statistician E. H. Simpson in 1951, and is known as the Simpson's paradox.Explain how open surgery can be better for both stone sizes but inferior overall. (

Given: Here, stone size Open Surgery PN Large Kidney stone 192263 5580 Small Kidney stone…

Answered: 5. An article in the British Medical…

A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)

10th Edition

ISBN:9780134753119

Author:Sheldon Ross

Publisher:Sheldon Ross

Chapter1: Combinatorial Analysis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1P: a. How many different 7-place license plates are possible if the first 2 places are for letters and...

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How do i solve this? Answer the given problem. Use the steps in hypothesis testing in presenting the results. A health researcher is interested in comparing 3 methods of weight loss: low calorie diet, low fat diet and high exercise regimen. He selected 15 moderately overweight subjects and randomly assigned 5 to each weight-loss program. The following weight reductions (in lbs) were observed after a one-month period. Test the hypothesis that the extent of weight reduction does not differ by type of weight-loss program. Low Fat : 7 7 5 4 6 Low Calorie : 7 8 8 9 5 High Exercise Regimen : 7 9 7 8 8
A concerned consumer believes that they are being cheated in the weight of potato chips per bag. The company claims that every small bag weighs 1 ounce. You weigh 50 different bags of chips and find the average to be .97 ounces. Match the following terms to their meaning in context of this problem. The consumer finds a test result that is NOT statistically significant What is their conclusion?
A very large study showed that aspirin reduced the rate of first heart attacks by 33%. A pharmaceutical company thinks it has a drug that will be more effective than aspirin, and plans to do a randomized clinical trial to test the new drug. Complete parts a through d below. O C. The new drug is as effective as aspirin. O D. The new drug is less effective than aspirin. b) What is their alternative hypothesis? A. The new drug is less effective than aspirin. O B. The new drug is not more effective than aspirin. O c. The new drug is as effective as aspirin. O D. The new drug is more effective than aspirin. c) The company conducted the study and found that the group using the new drug had somewhat fewer heart attacks than those in the aspirin group. The P-value from the hypothesis test was 0.22. What do you conclude? O A. There is evidence to conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true because the P-value was so large. O B. There is evidence to conclude that the alternative hypothesis…
E) what other questions might this raise about the results ?
How would I solve this problem?
solve the question and provide an explanation
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Phosphorous is a chemical that is found in many household cleaning products. Unfortunately, phosphorous also finds its way into surface water, where it can harm fish, plants, and other wildlife. Two methods of phosphorous reduction are being studied. At a random sample of 7 locations, both methods were used and the total phosphorous reduction (mg/L) was recorded. Note: For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value a small amount and thereby produce a slightly more "conservative" answer. Site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Method I: 0.013 0.020 0.015 0.055 0.007 0.002 0.010 Method II: 0.014 0.045 0.017 0.039 0.017 0.001 0.013 Do these data indicate a difference (either way) in the average reduction of phosphorous between the two methods? Use α = 0.05. (Let d = Method I − Method II.) (i) What is the level of significance? What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round…
. A producer of high quality teas wants to be sure they are filling tea bags with an average weight of 5.5 grams. Any underfilling or overfilling is undesirable. The correct set of hypotheses is
A psychologist would like to examine the effects of different testing methods on the final performance of college students. One group has regular quizzes, one group has three large exams, and the third group only has a final exam. At the end of the course, the psychologist interviews each student to get a measure of the student's overall knowledge of the material. Do these data indicate any significant differences among the three methods? Do the following computations: a. Compute and report the F Ratio at a a = .05 b. Compute and report the Tukey's HSD to determine exactly which methods are significantly different. Quizzes 4 6 3 7 T = 20 SS = 10 Exams 1 4 5 2 T = 12 SS= 10 Final Only 0 2 0 2 T=4 SS=4 G=36 EX² = 164 ✩
For a summer job, you were working in the quality control department for a computer company that manufactures computer parts. The specific part that you are to evaluate the quality of is supposed to be 8 micrometers in thickness. You obtained samples of four of these parts manufactured by the day shift and four parts manufactured by the night shift workers. Here are the findings: Day Shift: 7.9, 8.0, 8.2, 8.3 Night Shift: 2, 4, 12, 14 Compute the mean thickness for each shift.Compute the standard deviations for each shift.Which crew is doing a better job? Why?
It is advertised that the average braking distance for a small car traveling at 65 miles per hour equals 120 feet. A transportation researcher wants conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the stopping distance is less than 120. What is Type II error in the context of this problem?

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