5 The backfill retained by a gravity retaining wall shown in Figure P16.5 consists of two sand layers, compacted at dif- ferent densities. The properties of the sand are shown in the figure. Assuming that the gravity wall does not move later- ally (i.e., at-rest), determine the magnitude and location of the thrust on the wall. 2 m 3 m Sand 1 y = 17.5 kN/m³; ' = 32° Sand 2 y = 17.5 kN/m³; ' = 36°

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.