41) While different kinds of research exist, almost all researchers share the following in common: a. They use the scientific method to answer questions of theoretical and practical importance. b. They investigate people's understanding of everyday occurrences. c. They attempt to create knowledge through a process of discovery. d. They rely on inductive reasoning skills. 42) What do quantitative researchers use as their main methods of data collection? a. radical interpretive inquiry b. surveys and questionnaires c. interviews and observations d. transcriptions and interviews 43) Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Symbolic interactionists are interested in face-to-face encounters and the meanings people attach to social events. b. Conflict theorists are generally concerned with the struggle over scarce resources. c. Functionalists are concerned with the smooth functioning of society, and how roles and shared values promote equilibrium. d. Both conflict and functionalist theorists tend to approach society from a micro-sociological perspective. 44) Matthew spends 20 minutes studying for his sociology midterm, and gets 60 percent. He spends one hour studying for his sociology final, and he gets 80 percent on the exam. What can we NOT conclude from this information? a. There might be a causal relationship between how much Matthew studied and the mark he received on the exam. b. There is a correlation between the time Matthew spent studying and the mark he received on his exam. c. The relationship between Matthew's studying time and his exam grades is completely spurious. d. While there is a relationship of some sort between Matthew's grades and time spent studying, many other variables might have been at play. 45) Which of the following statements about correlation is true? a. Correlation means that a change in one variable is caused by the presence of a second variable. b. A correlation is a relationship between two variables. c. The relationship between two variables must be strong in order for a correlation to exist. d. Researchers refer to weak correlations as "spurious" correlations. 46) Why is the Canadian Census a particularly important tool for researchers? a. Census questions remain relatively stable, meaning that researchers are able to analyze data over time and get a sense of shifting trends in our society. b. The data acquired from the Census can easily be used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers. c. Census questions have been tested to assure they do not invade the privacy or ethics of Canadian citizens. d. Because the Census is conducted every year, it provides a great wealth of information on many facets of Canadian life. 47) Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-administered questionnaires? a. higher administrative cost than telephone surveys b. Detailed, in-depth questions cannot be asked in a self-administered questionnaire format. c. Researchers are unable to provide clarification or answer the questions of the respondent. d. Self-administered questionnaires are only useful for people who lack strong literacy skills. 48) Anita wants to design a research study to investigate whether Canadians in wealthier cities give more money to charities than Canadians who live in less wealthy cities. What is the dependent variable in Anita's study? a. the average income in the cities where her research participants live b. the amount of money donated to charities c. the operational definition of "wealth" that Anita decides to use d. the average income of her research participants 49) A sociologist named Sudhir Venkatesh recently spent almost a decade studying a street gang in Chicago. He spoke with various gang members, spent time with them in their hangouts, and accompanied them when they conducted business dealings. Which research methods did Venkatesh use? a. secondary analysis and participant observation b. participant observation and interviews c. in-person surveys and fieldwork d. fieldwork and hypothesis building 50) Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary research analysis? a. Secondary analysis is only possible if information on the topic has already been recorded and collected. b. Secondary analysis is only useful for criminologists. c. Secondary analysis is only useful for studying part events. d. Secondary analysis is only possible if information on a topic can readily be found in newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals.

41) While different kinds of research exist, almost all researchers share the following in common:

a. They use the scientific method to answer questions of theoretical and practical importance.

b. They investigate people's understanding of everyday occurrences.

c. They attempt to create knowledge through a process of discovery.

d. They rely on inductive reasoning skills.

42) What do quantitative researchers use as their main methods of data collection?

a. radical interpretive inquiry

b. surveys and questionnaires

c. interviews and observations

d. transcriptions and interviews

43) Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. Symbolic interactionists are interested in face-to-face encounters and the meanings people attach to social events.

b. Conflict theorists are generally concerned with the struggle over scarce resources.

c. Functionalists are concerned with the smooth functioning of society, and how roles and shared values promote equilibrium.

d. Both conflict and functionalist theorists tend to approach society from a micro-sociological perspective.

44) Matthew spends 20 minutes studying for his sociology midterm, and gets 60 percent. He spends one hour studying for his sociology final, and he gets 80 percent on the exam. What can we NOT conclude from this information?

a. There might be a causal relationship between how much Matthew studied and the mark he received on the exam.

b. There is a correlation between the time Matthew spent studying and the mark he received on his exam.

c. The relationship between Matthew's studying time and his exam grades is completely spurious.

d. While there is a relationship of some sort between Matthew's grades and time spent studying, many other variables might have been at play.

45) Which of the following statements about correlation is true?

a. Correlation means that a change in one variable is caused by the presence of a second variable.

b. A correlation is a relationship between two variables.

c. The relationship between two variables must be strong in order for a correlation to exist.

d. Researchers refer to weak correlations as "spurious" correlations.

46) Why is the Canadian Census a particularly important tool for researchers?

a. Census questions remain relatively stable, meaning that researchers are able to analyze data over time and get a sense of shifting trends in our society.

b. The data acquired from the Census can easily be used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers.

c. Census questions have been tested to assure they do not invade the privacy or ethics of Canadian citizens.

d. Because the Census is conducted every year, it provides a great wealth of information on many facets of Canadian life.

47) Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-administered questionnaires?

a. higher administrative cost than telephone surveys

b. Detailed, in-depth questions cannot be asked in a self-administered questionnaire format.

c. Researchers are unable to provide clarification or answer the questions of the respondent.

d. Self-administered questionnaires are only useful for people who lack strong literacy skills.

48) Anita wants to design a research study to investigate whether Canadians in wealthier cities give more money to charities than Canadians who live in less wealthy cities. What is the dependent variable in Anita's study?

a. the average income in the cities where her research participants live

b. the amount of money donated to charities

c. the operational definition of "wealth" that Anita decides to use

d. the average income of her research participants

49) A sociologist named Sudhir Venkatesh recently spent almost a decade studying a street gang in Chicago. He spoke with various gang members, spent time with them in their hangouts, and accompanied them when they conducted business dealings. Which research methods did Venkatesh use?

a. secondary analysis and participant observation

b. participant observation and interviews

c. in-person surveys and fieldwork

d. fieldwork and hypothesis building

50) Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary research analysis?

a. Secondary analysis is only possible if information on the topic has already been recorded and collected.

b. Secondary analysis is only useful for criminologists.

c. Secondary analysis is only useful for studying part events.

d. Secondary analysis is only possible if information on a topic can readily be found in newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals.