4.6 To generate wideband FM, we can first generate a narrowband FM signal, and then use frequency multiplication to spread the signal bandwidth. Figure P-4.6 illustrates such a scheme, which is called an Armstrong-type FM modulator. The narrowband FM signal has a maximum angular deviation of 0.10 radians to keep distortion under control. 1. If the message signal has a bandwidth of 15 kHz and the output frequency from the oscillator is 100 kHz, determine the frequency multiplication that is neces- sary to generate an FM signal at a carrier frequency of fes frequency deviation of f 75 kHz. = 104 MHz and a 2. If the carrier frequency for the wideband FM signal is to be within +2 Hz, deter- mine the maximum allowable drift of the 100 kHz oscillator. m(t) Narrowband FM modulator Frequency multipliers Wideband FM signal f = 104 MHz A cos (2nfol) Frequency multipliers fo = 100 kHz

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.