4.14. Thermodynamic properties can also be determined for ions. Determine AH, AS, and AG for the following two reactions, which are simply reactions of dissolution: NaHCO3 (s) →→→ Na† (aq) + HCO3¯ (aq) Na2CO3 (s) →→→ 2Na+ (aq) + CO3²− (aq) Assume standard conditions (standard concentration is 1 M for ions in aqueous solution), and consult the table of thermodynamic properties in Appendix 2. What similarities and differences are there?

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Electrolysis

Electrolysis is defined as the process of breaking down ionic compounds into their constituent elements by passing a direct electric current through the compound in a fluid state. The cathode reduces cations, while the anode oxidizes anions. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some form of external power source are the main components required for conducting electrolysis. A partition, such as an ion-exchange membrane or a salt bridge, may also be used, but this is optional. These are primarily used to prevent the products from diffusing near the opposing electrode.