4. Use the diagram below to infer the value of the Fed's inflation objective if r* = 11% (approximately). What determines r*? Fed's Policy Reaction Function [Fig 20.3 (a)] real interest rate -1 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 0 1 2 3 4 inflation 5 6 7 8 9
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- 8. Suppose the Bank of Canada is criticized for implementing a contractionary monetary policy at a time when the inflation rate is at or near its target level. One explanation for this policy decision is likely that the Bank anticipates a rise in inflation and is acting now because of the unavoidable time lags. it is extremely difficult to predict future events and a contractionary policy is the safest policy choice. the Bank anticipates a decrease in investment spending and is acting now because of the unavoidable time lags. the Bank anticipates a decrease in Canadian net exports and is acting now because of the unavoidable time lags. the Bank regularly maintains a contractionary policy stance in order to keep inflation at or near its target.Q4: Develop your concept that what will be the effect of inflation on money if it is not invested. Also define inflation, Deflation and hyperinflationSouth Africa, March 18 ‐ Repurchase rate: 6.25% Inflation rate: 4.5% (January) Based on the projections of the repurchase rate in the extract above. Explain, with the aid of a graph, the impact of a cut in the interest rate on the demand for money.
- Suppose that an economy has a constant nominal money supply, a constant level of real output Y = 1500, and a constant real interest rate r = 0.05, and it’s expected rate of inflation is 2%, i.e, πe = .02. Suppose that the income elasticity of money demand is ηY = 0.5 and the interest elasticity of demand ηi = –0.2. (a) Suppose that Y decreases to 1425, r remains constant at 0.05 and there is no change in the expected rate of inflation. What is the percentage change in the equilibrium price level? (b) Suppose that r increases to 0.06 and Y remains at 1500. Assuming that expected inflation remains at πe = .02, what is the percentage change in the equilibrium price level? (c) Suppose that r increases to 0.06. Assuming that πe = .02, what would real output have to be for the equilibrium price level to remain at its initial value?The income elasticity of money demand is ny = 0.7 and the interest rate elasticity of money demand is n₁ = -0.06. Suppose that the central bank increases the money supply by 2.6%, real income increases by 2% and inflation is 3%. What is the percentage increase in the nominal interest rate? -0.3 (or -30%) 0.3 (or 30%) -0.1 (or -10%) 0.1 (or 10%)8. Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rate levels Apart from risk components, several macroeconomic factors-such as Federal Reserve (the Fed) policy, federal budget deficit or surplus, international factors, and levels of business activity-influence interest rates. Based on your understanding of the impact of macroeconomic factors, identify which of the following statements are true or false: Statements When the Fed increases the money supply, short-term interest rates tend to decline. If the Fed injects a huge amount of money into the markets, inflation is expected to decline, and long-term interest rates are expected to rise. During recessions, short-term interest rates decline more sharply than long-term interest rates. When the economy is weakening, the Fed is likely to decrease short-term interest rates. True False O O O O O O
- 2.1 Money demand in an economy in which no interest is paid on money is Md/P =1000 + 0.4Y- 100i (a) Given that P = 100, Y = 1000, and i = 0.10. Find real money demand, nominal money demand, and velocity.(6)(b)The price level doubles from P =100 to P = 200. Find real money demand, nominal money demand, and velocity.( c) Starting from the variables given in part (a) and assuming that the money demand function as written holds, determine how velocity is affected by an increase in real income, (ii) an increase in the nominal interest rate, (iii) an increase in the price level.4) In a money market equilibrium diagram, show the effect of an increase in real money demand, i.e., an increase in L function for any value of i, on the nominal interest rate.E4 Assume the real money demand of an economy is:(Md/P) = 2×Yb(r + πe)-awhere 0 < b < 1 and 0 < a < 1.a) Use the real money demand above to determine the velocity of money.b) Does the quantity theory of money hold in this economy? Explain.c) Show with calculus how the velocity of money reacts to a change in output and a changein the nominal interest rate.d) Find the income and the nominal interest rate elasticities of money demand.
- Economics Suppose that the income elasticity of money demand is 0.4. Nominal interest rates do not change over time. If money supply increases by 20% every year, while real income only increases by 1%, what is the inflation rate?8. Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rate levels Apart from risk components, several macroeconomic factors—such as Federal Reserve (the Fed) policy, federal budget deficit or surplus, international factors, and levels of business activity—influence interest rates. Based on your understanding of the impact of macroeconomic factors, identify which of the following statements are true or false: Statements True False When the Fed increases the money supply, short-term interest rates tend to decline. Actions that lower short-term interest rates will always lower long-term interest rates. Long-term interest rates are not as sensitive to booms and recessions as are short-term interest rates. The Federal Reserve’s ability to use monetary policy to control economic activity in the United States is limited because US interest rates are highly dependent on interest rates in other parts of the world.We would expect that the level of income that would equate total demand for and total supply of money would be: (a) roughly at the level of the Fed’s interest rate target; (b) lower the lower the interest rates; (c) equal to the level that would equate realized investment with realized savings; (d) higher the lower the interest rate (or lower the higher the interest rate)