4. Resonance. For each of the following structural formulas, provide the indicated of resonance structures. Use curved arrows to show the electron movement between each structure, use double headed arrow to separate the structures, and enclose all of them in a single set of brackets []. a) N204 (OzN-NO2) (4 structures)
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
![Transcription for Educational Website:
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**Topic: Resonance in Structural Formulas**
**Objective:**
For each of the following structural formulas, provide the indicated number of resonance structures. Use curved arrows to show the electron movement between each structure, use double-headed arrows to separate the structures, and enclose all of them in a single set of brackets.
**Problem:**
a) \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \)
( \( \text{O}_2\text{N-NO}_2 \) )
*(4 structures)*
[Here, you would typically draw the resonance structures of the molecule N₂O₄, using curved arrows to demonstrate electron movement. Each structure would be separated by double-headed arrows, indicating resonance.]
**Explanation:**
Provide a detailed explanation of how resonance structures for \( \text{N}_2\text{O}_4 \) can be determined, emphasizing the rule of resonance: resonance structures are alternative forms of a molecule where the chemical connectivity is the same, but the electrons are distributed differently around the structure.
Encourage the use of Lewis dot structures to visually demonstrate electron placement and movement, and ensure that all resonance structures conform to the octet rule and maintain consistent atom bonding.
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