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4. For the demographic transition: A. What are the formulas for the general fertility rate, crude mortality rate, and death cause distribution rate.

4. For the demographic transition: A. What are the formulas for the general fertility rate, crude mortality rate, and death cause distribution rate.

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
14th Edition
ISBN:9780190931919
Author:NEWNAN
Publisher:NEWNAN
Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1QTC
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question  A B C please 

--- ## Demographic Transition and Related Concepts ### 1. Formulas and Definitions #### A. Formulas for fertility and mortality rates: - **General Fertility Rate (GFR)**: \[(number of live births / number of women aged 15-49) x 1000\] - **Crude Mortality Rate (CMR)**: \[(number of deaths / total population) x 1000\] - **Death Cause Distribution Rate**: proportion of deaths caused by a specific cause over the total number of deaths. ### 2. Phases of the Demographic Transition #### B. Three-Phase Demographic Transition: - **Phase 1: High Birth and Death Rates** - Characterized by high fertility and high mortality, leading to low population growth. - *Graph*: A graph in this phase would show a high, stable line for both birth and death rates. - **Phase 2: Declining Death Rates** - Death rates begin to fall due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition, while birth rates remain high. - *Graph*: The birth rate line stays high while the death rate line dips downward, leading to an increase in net population change. - **Phase 3: Declining Birth Rates** - Birth rates start to decline as societies become more urbanized and access to contraception improves. - *Graph*: Both birth and death rate lines decline, leading to stabilized population growth. ### 3. Theoretical Perspectives #### C. Becker's Fertility Model and Malthus’s Work: - *Discussion*: Analyze how Becker's economic approach to fertility decisions, which incorporates factors like income and cost of child-rearing, interacts and possibly contrasts with Malthus's predictions on population growth driven by resource constraints. ### 4. Historical Assumptions and Conclusions #### D. Malthus’s Assumption: - *Income and Household Size*: Malthus assumed that higher income leads to larger household sizes because higher income allows families to afford more children. #### E. Becker’s Conclusion: - *Relationship*: Becker proposed that greater income might lead to fewer children per household as parents invest more resources in the quality rather than the quantity of children. ### 5. Reconciling Different Views #### F. Resolving Contradictions: - *Becker vs. Malthus*: Becker’s model suggests that modern economic perspectives and decisions on child-rearing could explain why higher incomes
Transcribed Image Text:--- ## Demographic Transition and Related Concepts ### 1. Formulas and Definitions #### A. Formulas for fertility and mortality rates: - **General Fertility Rate (GFR)**: \[(number of live births / number of women aged 15-49) x 1000\] - **Crude Mortality Rate (CMR)**: \[(number of deaths / total population) x 1000\] - **Death Cause Distribution Rate**: proportion of deaths caused by a specific cause over the total number of deaths. ### 2. Phases of the Demographic Transition #### B. Three-Phase Demographic Transition: - **Phase 1: High Birth and Death Rates** - Characterized by high fertility and high mortality, leading to low population growth. - *Graph*: A graph in this phase would show a high, stable line for both birth and death rates. - **Phase 2: Declining Death Rates** - Death rates begin to fall due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition, while birth rates remain high. - *Graph*: The birth rate line stays high while the death rate line dips downward, leading to an increase in net population change. - **Phase 3: Declining Birth Rates** - Birth rates start to decline as societies become more urbanized and access to contraception improves. - *Graph*: Both birth and death rate lines decline, leading to stabilized population growth. ### 3. Theoretical Perspectives #### C. Becker's Fertility Model and Malthus’s Work: - *Discussion*: Analyze how Becker's economic approach to fertility decisions, which incorporates factors like income and cost of child-rearing, interacts and possibly contrasts with Malthus's predictions on population growth driven by resource constraints. ### 4. Historical Assumptions and Conclusions #### D. Malthus’s Assumption: - *Income and Household Size*: Malthus assumed that higher income leads to larger household sizes because higher income allows families to afford more children. #### E. Becker’s Conclusion: - *Relationship*: Becker proposed that greater income might lead to fewer children per household as parents invest more resources in the quality rather than the quantity of children. ### 5. Reconciling Different Views #### F. Resolving Contradictions: - *Becker vs. Malthus*: Becker’s model suggests that modern economic perspectives and decisions on child-rearing could explain why higher incomes
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