4. Describe three examples of how echinoderms shape and change the ecological communities in which they occur. Define the term keystone species. Would you classify the echinoderms in your examples as keystone species? Why or why not? Would each of them still be classified as keystone species if overfishing had not occurred?

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.