4. a)Nucleophiles. Define a "nucleophile" in organic chemistry? b) Identifying nucleophiles. Bronsted-Lowry acid-base pairs are shown. Which one in each pair can serve as a nucleophile in an organic nucleohilic reaction. (Explain your choice.) It is helpful sometimes to draw in all the lone-pairs of electrons. Son lo H3O+ or H₂O or H-Br or Br OH
Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
![**4. a) Nucleophiles. Define a "nucleophile" in organic chemistry.**
A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. In other words, nucleophiles are typically negatively charged or neutral species with lone pairs of electrons that are attracted to positively charged or electron-deficient sites on other molecules.
**b) Identifying nucleophiles. Bronsted-Lowry acid-base pairs are shown. Which one in each pair can serve as a nucleophile in an organic nucleophilic reaction? (Explain your choice.) It is helpful sometimes to draw in all the lone-pairs of electrons.**
- **H—Br** or **Br⁻**
- **Br⁻** can be a nucleophile because it has a lone pair of electrons that it can donate.
- **CH₃NH₂** or **CH₃NH₃⁺**
- **CH₃NH₂** can be a nucleophile because it has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that it can donate.
- **⁻C≡N** or **HC≡N**
- **⁻C≡N** (cyanide ion, with a negative charge) can be a nucleophile because it has a lone pair of electrons that it can donate.
- **O═C═O** or **⁻O—C≡N**
- **⁻O—C≡N** can be a nucleophile because it has a lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom that it can donate.
- **O═C═O** or **O--C≡N**
- **H₃O⁺** or **H₂O**
- **H₂O** can be a nucleophile because it has lone pairs of electrons that it can donate.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F94f2b720-6c17-4283-96f9-864e0b1ece0e%2F8976810f-b0e4-497e-b8b5-bfd711e7d412%2Frbdthq_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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