4. A two-story building has steel columns AB in the first floor and BC in the second floor, as shown in the figure. The roof load P1 equals 400 kN and the second floor load P2 equals 720 kN. Each column has length L = 3.75 m. The cross-sectional areas of the first- and second floor columns are 11,000 mm? and 3,900 mm?, respectively. (a) Assuming that E = 206 GPa, determine the total shortening Sac of the two columns due to the combined action of the loads P1 and P2. (b) How much additional load Po can be placed at the top of the column (point C) if the total shortening Sac is not to exceed 4.0 mm? P1 = 400 kN C L = 3.75 m P2 = 720 kN В L = 3,75 m

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Introduction to Engineering Design

Students are often confused with engineering and design. The term engineering design has two words with different meanings, engineering, and design. The term engineering implies applications of laws and principles of science to design and analyze physical structures and components. In civil engineering, students apply the concept of physics and chemistry to design and build structures and buildings. In engineering disciplines, the term design means determining the dimensions, loads, and associated influences on the component due to the applied loads such as stresses and deformations. The estimation of such parameters is crucial to make the component or structure foolproof.