4) A rectangular footing of B=22/8 and L=22/4 rests at the depth of 2 m below the ground level. The stress induced by the footing is 40 kPa. The unit weight of the soil is 18kN/m3 and the groundwater table is at a great depth. A pipeline is to be constructed under the footing. In order to design the strength of the pipeline, calculate the stress increase on the pipeline by using Boussinesq's Method in the case: a) Pipeline at 5 m below the centerline of the footing b) Pipeline at 5 m below the corner of the footing

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A: Solution: Problem 4: Let L = a x b ∑Mc=0 RAa+b-Pb=0RA=Pba+b=PbL

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.