38. Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy QC in the interior of stars is the carbon cycle first proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939, leading to his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. This cycle is most efficient when the central tempera- ture in a star is above 1.6 X 107 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 X 107 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun's energy. (a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus Cand a gamma ray Identify nucleus C. (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to pro- duce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a pro- ton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. Identiry nucleus F. (g) What is the significance of the final nucleus in the last step of the cycle outlined in part (f)
38. Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy QC in the interior of stars is the carbon cycle first proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939, leading to his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. This cycle is most efficient when the central tempera- ture in a star is above 1.6 X 107 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 X 107 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun's energy. (a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus Cand a gamma ray Identify nucleus C. (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to pro- duce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a pro- ton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. Identiry nucleus F. (g) What is the significance of the final nucleus in the last step of the cycle outlined in part (f)
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Transcribed Image Text:38. Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy
QC in the interior of stars is the carbon cycle first proposed by
Hans Bethe in 1939, leading to his Nobel Prize in Physics in
1967. This cycle is most efficient when the central tempera-
ture in a star is above 1.6 X 107 K. Because the temperature
at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 X 107 K, the following
Transcribed Image Text:cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun's energy. (a) A
high-energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus,
A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray
Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron
emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus
B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus Cand a gamma ray
Identify nucleus C. (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to pro-
duce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e)
Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce
nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a pro-
ton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. Identiry
nucleus F. (g) What is the significance of the final nucleus
in the last step of the cycle outlined in part (f)
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