34. What is the force that drives filtration of blood from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule? A. Protein colloid pressure in the glomerulus B. Rate of flow of glomerular blood C. Glomerulus blood pressure D. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure E. All of the above are correct 35. Angiotensin II -----------------------. A. Stimulate the release of aldosterone B. increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance of blood vessels C. Increases the release of vasopressin D. All of the above E. None of the above 36. What are the two main functions of the loop of Henle? ----------------- A. Create a low salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb some salt and water B. Create a high salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb water C. Create a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorb some salt and water D. Filter cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorb some salt and water E. All are correct depends on the segment of the loop of Henle 37. Which of the followings is correct about chloride reabsorption from the loop of Henle? A. Cl– is reabsorbed through the chloride channels of cells of the thick segment of loop of Henle B. Cl– is reabsorbed through paracellular gaps of the thick segment of loop of Henle C. Cl– is reabsorbed through Na–K–2Cl cotransporter in the basolateral membrane of the thick segment of loop of Henle D. All of the above is are correct E. None of the above is correct 38. The secretion of organic anions------------------. A. is driven by the sodium gradient established by the basolateral membrane Na+ /K+ pump B. They are taken from the blood into the tubule cells in exchange for di/tricarboxylates. C. they are removed across apical membrane via anions antiporter D. all of the above E. None of the above 39. The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves -------------------. A. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. B. aquaporin being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. D. Only A and B are correct E. A, B, and C are correct 40. A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to------------------ A. Increase urinary loss of sodium. B. Reduction of blood pressure. C. Decrease secretion of aldosterone. D. A and B only E. A, B, and C are correct 41. Juxtaglomerular apparatus cells are ----------------------. A. Baroreceptors to detect fluid pressure in the proximal convoluted tubule PCT. B. Chemoreceptors to detect Na content of the Distal convoluted tubule DCT C. Baroreceptors to detect the pressure in the DCT D. Stretch receptors to detect Na content in the DCT E. None of the above are correct 42. What is the effect of high salt intake? ---------------- A. Increase in blood pressure B. Increase in urine protein loss C. Thirst D. High risk of stroke E. All of the above are correct 43. To maximize diffusion, respiratory surfaces are typically ------------------- A. Thin, with a large surface area B. Thin, with a smaller surface area C. Thick with a large surface area D. Thick with a large surface area E. None of the above is correct 44. All of the following are correct, except ---------------------- A. Because a tidally ventilated lung is never fully emptied, fresh medium mixes in the lung with stale medium. B. gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure C. Gaseous exchange happens on a respiratory surface D. The gases in the alveolar sacs and alveoli are motionless E. Speed with which cutaneous gas exchange takes place is very high. 45. Which of the following is correct? A. When O2 binds hemoglobin, it is called Oxyhemoglobin B. When CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called Carbaminohemoglobin C. When Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, it is called carboxyhemoglobin D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct 46. All of the followings are correct, except-------------------. A. Globin part of human hemoglobin consist of four subunits B. Globin part of whale hemoglobin consist of one subunit C. Heme group contains ferrous ion D. Fetal hemoglobin changes to adult hemoglobin after birth E. Fetal hemoglobin has lower affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin
34. What is the force that drives filtration of blood from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule?
A. Protein colloid pressure in the glomerulus
B. Rate of flow of glomerular blood
C. Glomerulus blood pressure
D. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
E. All of the above are correct
35. Angiotensin II -----------------------.
A. Stimulate the release of aldosterone
B. increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance of blood vessels
C. Increases the release of vasopressin
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
36. What are the two main functions of the loop of Henle? ----------------- A. Create a low salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb some salt and water
B. Create a high salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb water
C. Create a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorb some salt and water
D. Filter cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorb some salt and water
E. All are correct depends on the segment of the loop of Henle
37. Which of the followings is correct about chloride reabsorption from the loop of Henle?
A. Cl– is reabsorbed through the chloride channels of cells of the thick segment of loop of Henle
B. Cl– is reabsorbed through paracellular gaps of the thick segment of loop of Henle
C. Cl– is reabsorbed through Na–K–2Cl cotransporter in the basolateral membrane of the thick segment of loop of Henle
D. All of the above is are correct
E. None of the above is correct
38. The secretion of organic anions------------------.
A. is driven by the sodium gradient established by the basolateral membrane Na+ /K+ pump
B. They are taken from the blood into the tubule cells in exchange for di/tricarboxylates.
C. they are removed across apical membrane via anions antiporter
D. all of the above
E. None of the above
39. The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves -------------------.
A. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
B. aquaporin being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
D. Only A and B are correct
E. A, B, and C are correct
40. A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to------------------
A. Increase urinary loss of sodium.
B. Reduction of blood pressure.
C. Decrease secretion of aldosterone.
D. A and B only
E. A, B, and C are correct
41. Juxtaglomerular apparatus cells are ----------------------.
A. Baroreceptors to detect fluid pressure in the proximal convoluted tubule PCT.
B. Chemoreceptors to detect Na content of the Distal convoluted tubule DCT
C. Baroreceptors to detect the pressure in the DCT
D. Stretch receptors to detect Na content in the DCT
E. None of the above are correct
42. What is the effect of high salt intake? ----------------
A. Increase in blood pressure
B. Increase in urine protein loss
C. Thirst
D. High risk of stroke
E. All of the above are correct
43. To maximize diffusion, respiratory surfaces are typically -------------------
A. Thin, with a large surface area
B. Thin, with a smaller surface area
C. Thick with a large surface area
D. Thick with a large surface area
E. None of the above is correct
44. All of the following are correct, except ----------------------
A. Because a tidally ventilated lung is never fully emptied, fresh medium mixes in the lung with stale medium.
B. gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
C. Gaseous exchange happens on a respiratory surface
D. The gases in the alveolar sacs and alveoli are motionless
E. Speed with which cutaneous gas exchange takes place is very high.
45. Which of the following is correct?
A. When O2 binds hemoglobin, it is called Oxyhemoglobin
B. When CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called Carbaminohemoglobin
C. When Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, it is called carboxyhemoglobin
D. All of the above are correct
E. None of the above are correct
46. All of the followings are correct, except-------------------.
A. Globin part of human hemoglobin consist of four subunits
B. Globin part of whale hemoglobin consist of one subunit
C. Heme group contains ferrous ion
D. Fetal hemoglobin changes to adult hemoglobin after birth
E. Fetal hemoglobin has lower affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin
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