3.8 An AM modulator operates with the message signal m(1) = 9 cos(20xt) - 8 cos(60xt) The unmodulated carrier is given by 110 cos(200zt), and the system operates with an index of 0.8. (a) Write the equation for m,(1), the normalized sig- nal with a minimum value of -1. (b) Determine (m ()), the power in m,(1). (c) Determine the efficiency of the modulator. (d) Sketch the double-sided spectrum of x,(1), the modulator output, giving the weights and fre- quencies of all components.

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Quantization and Resolution

Quantization is a methodology of carrying out signal modulation by the process of mapping input values from an infinitely long set of continuous values to a smaller set of finite values. Quantization forms the basic algorithm for lossy compression algorithms and represents a given analog signal into digital signals. In other words, these algorithms form the base of an analog-to-digital converter. Devices that process the algorithm of quantization are known as a quantizer. These devices aid in rounding off (approximation) the errors of an input function called the quantized value.

Probability of Error

This topic is widely taught in many undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses of: