3.14 For a sandy soil, emax = 0.86, emin = 0.43, and G, = 2.66. What is the void ra- tio at D, = 56%. Determine the moist unit weight of the soil when w = 7% (in lb/ft³) 3.16 A loose, uncompacted sand fill is 2 m in depth and has a relative density of 40%. Laboratory tests indicate that the minimum and maximum void ratios of the sand are 0.46 and 0.90, respectively. The specific gravity of solids of the sand is 2.65. a. What is the dry unit weight of the sand? b. If the sand is compacted to a relative density of 75%, what is the decrease in thickness of the 2 m fill?

Q: a 75 mm 75 mm + VI 60 mm 60 mm 60 mm + 75 mm

A:

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.