3. You experimentally manipulate a gene related to bacterial metabolism in the lab. You believe the mutant allele, A (delta), provides an advantage over the naturally occurring, W (wildtype), allele in resource-limited environments. Starting with a population in HW equilibrium with each allele equally represented, you record the genotypes of the surviving population after selection by this resource-limited environment occurs. What is the relative fitness of each genotype? (15pts) + WW WA ΔΔ Total Starting Count 250 500 250 1000 Surviving Count 33 205 200
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- 22. The blood group by the MN system depends on the combi- nation of the codominant genes CM and CN. Detect the frequency of the M blood group in the human population, where the N blood group frequency is about 0.09. sqy oog a) 0.7. b) 0.3. c) 0.49. d) 0.42.1a. Describe three types of genetic variants and briefly describe the mechanisms that generate them in the genome . b. Describe how genetic variation in Sub-Saharan African populations is related to genetic variation in populations outside Africa. What are the population genetic effects and historical events that created these genetic variation patterns? c. Is it possible to distinguish a population bottleneck from a selective sweep? Explain your answer briefly. d. What is the relationship between selection and variant pathogenicity? e. Describe a plausible biological reason for observing perfect LD in a sample of individuals from a populationIf the genotype frequencies in a population are 0.60 AA, 0.20 Aa, and 0.20 aa, and if the requirements of the HardyWeinberg principle apply, the genotype frequencies in the offspring generation will be: a. 0.60 AA, 0.20 Aa, 0.20 aa. b. 0.36 AA, 0.60 Aa, 0.04 aa. c. 0.49 AA, 0.42 Aa, 0.09 aa. d. 0.70 AA, 0.00 Aa, 0.30 aa. e. 0.64 AA, 0.32 Aa, 0.04 aa.
- 63. In an isolated population, a single mutation allele of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene is present at a frequency of 0.1. The normal CFTR allele and the mutation allele are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this population. Which of the following is the approximate frequency of homozygosity for the normal CFTR allele in this population? A) 0 OB) 0.01 C) 0.05 D) 0.2 E) 0.5 F) 0.8 G) 1.0 Сони back to20. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) for this trait? (LS3-3) * 0.05 0.25 0.50 O 0.751. What is the expected time to fixation in generations for a new mutation in a diploid population (like humans) with an effective population size of 50? This new mutation is neutral and has no impact on fitness (e.g. synonymous polymorphism). Assuming the mutation isn’t lost immediately, will it reach fixation faster in a population of Ne=500 or Ne=5,000 and why?
- Panthers are also susceptible to a respiratory infection [feline calicivirus]. Individuals in a population, who are homozygous dominant or heterozygous for genes encoding parasite or pathogen resistance, are more likely to resist an infection or parasite. Currently, population estimates of the Florida panther range from 100 – 160 individuals. Let’s assume that the population equals 160. During a particularly bad calicivirus outbreak, 40 Florida panthers die as a result of the infection. Using this information, answer the following questions utilizing the Hardy – Weinberg equation when necessary. What is the most likely genotype of the affected panthers that died from the respiratory infection? Use the letter “A” for your symbol. 2. What percentage of the population is most likely resistant to the calicivirus infection?66)Parasites are organisms that make a living at the expense of another organism called a host. In populations of hosts and parasites, not all the possible parasite genotypes can successfully infect all the possible host genotypes. The most successful parasite genotypes (i.e. those with the highest fitness) are those that can exploit the most common host genotypes. As a result, the most common host genotypes suffer a decline in fitness. Meanwhile, rare host genotypes are relatively unaffected by parasites and thus enjoy a higher fitness which causes them to become more common. As a host genotype becomes more common, it also becomes a bigger target for parasites and eventually experience a decline in fitness. This is a case of Stabilizing selection Negative frequency dependent selection Disruptive selection Purifying selection Heterozygote advantagePanthers are also susceptible to a respiratory infection [feline calicivirus]. Individuals in a population, who are homozygous dominant or heterozygous for genes encoding parasite or pathogen resistance, are more likely to resist an infection or parasite. Currently, population estimates of the Florida panther range from 100 – 160 individuals. Let’s assume that the population equals 160. During a particularly bad calicivirus outbreak, 40 Florida panthers die as a result of the infection. Using this information, answer the following questions utilizing the Hardy – Weinberg equation when necessary. What is the most likely genotype of the affected panthers that died from the respiratory infection? Use the letter “A” for your symbol. What percentage of the population is most likely resistant to the calicivirus infection? Using the information given for the inheritance of pathogen resistance, construct a Punnett square crossing a heterozygous individual to a homozygous…
- 1. Imagine a population of 100 snails in which the shell colour is controlled by two alleles: B (black) and b (yellow). (1) What is the total number of loci for shell colour gene in this population? (ii) In the snail population described above, 20 out of the snails are yellow (bb) and 80 are black (BB or Bb). Of the 80 black snails=, 30 are homozygous and 50 are heterozygous. How many loci for this gene are occupied by the B allele? (ii) What is the frequency of the B allele? (iv) Assuming that sexual reproduction takes place with random mating, no gene flow and no selection, what will be the frequency of yellow snails in next generation of the population described above? (v) What will be the frequency of the b allele in the next generation of the snail population described below1. A sample of 600 individuals from a population is examined for the presence of the HindIII polymorphism in an autsomal Sca gene. There are two alleles of Sca gene, A and a. The results are 14 individuals are AA, 212 are Aa, 374 are aa. Please answer the following questions accordingly? How many alleles are present in the gene pool in the sample population fort he Sca gene? What are the genotype frequencies? What are the frequencies of A and a alleles? What are the expected numbers of the three genotypes, assuming random3. In a given population, only the "A" and "B" alleles are present in the ABO system; there are no individuals with type "O" blood or with O alleles in this particular population. If 200 people have type A blood, 75 have type AB blood, and 25 have type B blood, what are the alleleic frequencies of this population (i.e., what are p and q)?