3. Which of the following could be an appropriate one-tailed (directional) null hypothesis for a statistical test about the mean monthly rent for a studio in San Francisco: a. Ho: u > $3200 b. Ho: X = $3200 c. Ho: X+ $3200 d. Ho: µ = $3200 e. Correct answer choice not provided

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**Question 3:** Which of the following could be an appropriate one-tailed (directional) null hypothesis for a statistical test about the mean monthly rent for a studio in San Francisco:

a. \( H_0: \mu \geq \$3200 \)

b. \( H_0: X = \$3200 \)

c. \( H_0: X \neq \$3200 \)

d. \( H_0: \mu = \$3200 \)

e. Correct answer choice not provided

**Explanation:** In this question, we are trying to identify a suitable directional null hypothesis. A one-tailed test focuses on determining if a parameter is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both. Use \(\mu\) to represent the population mean in your hypothesis.
Transcribed Image Text:**Question 3:** Which of the following could be an appropriate one-tailed (directional) null hypothesis for a statistical test about the mean monthly rent for a studio in San Francisco: a. \( H_0: \mu \geq \$3200 \) b. \( H_0: X = \$3200 \) c. \( H_0: X \neq \$3200 \) d. \( H_0: \mu = \$3200 \) e. Correct answer choice not provided **Explanation:** In this question, we are trying to identify a suitable directional null hypothesis. A one-tailed test focuses on determining if a parameter is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both. Use \(\mu\) to represent the population mean in your hypothesis.
**Understanding Z-Scores and Critical Values in Hypothesis Testing**

This educational resource provides insights into using the Standard Normal Distribution for hypothesis testing. Included are visualizations and values pertinent to one-tailed and two-tailed tests.

---

**Graphs of Critical Regions**

1. **One-tailed (left) test graph:**
   - A bell curve highlighting the area to the left of the critical region.
   - Illustrates where a test statistic would reject the null hypothesis in a left-tailed test.
   
2. **One-tailed (right) test graph:**
   - A bell curve highlighting the area to the right of the critical region.
   - Illustrates where a test statistic would reject the null hypothesis in a right-tailed test.

3. **Two-tailed test graph:**
   - A bell curve highlighting both tails of the critical regions.
   - Indicates rejection areas for a test statistic in a two-tailed test.

**Critical Values for Different α Levels:**

- **α = 0.05**
  - One-tailed: \( z = ±1.64 \)
  - Two-tailed: \( z = ±1.96 \)

- **α = 0.01**
  - One-tailed: \( z = ±2.33 \)
  - Two-tailed: \( z = ±2.57 \)

- **α = 0.001**
  - One-tailed: \( z = ±3.08 \)
  - Two-tailed: \( z = ±3.32 \)

These critical values are selected based on common significance levels (α), indicating how extreme the data must be to reject the null hypothesis.

---

**Standard Normal Table**

The Standard Normal Table shows the cumulative probabilities associated with the standard normal distribution (z-distribution). The table provides the probability that a normally distributed random variable will have a value less than or equal to a given z-score.

**How to Use the Table:**
- Locate the z-score by finding the intersection of the row and column that correspond to the integer and first decimal place of the z-score.
- For example, a z-score of 1.23 would correspond to the value found at the intersection of row 1.2 and column 0.03.

This table is essential for converting z-scores into probabilities or percentile ranks within a standard normal distribution. It is a fundamental tool in statistics for hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction.
Transcribed Image Text:**Understanding Z-Scores and Critical Values in Hypothesis Testing** This educational resource provides insights into using the Standard Normal Distribution for hypothesis testing. Included are visualizations and values pertinent to one-tailed and two-tailed tests. --- **Graphs of Critical Regions** 1. **One-tailed (left) test graph:** - A bell curve highlighting the area to the left of the critical region. - Illustrates where a test statistic would reject the null hypothesis in a left-tailed test. 2. **One-tailed (right) test graph:** - A bell curve highlighting the area to the right of the critical region. - Illustrates where a test statistic would reject the null hypothesis in a right-tailed test. 3. **Two-tailed test graph:** - A bell curve highlighting both tails of the critical regions. - Indicates rejection areas for a test statistic in a two-tailed test. **Critical Values for Different α Levels:** - **α = 0.05** - One-tailed: \( z = ±1.64 \) - Two-tailed: \( z = ±1.96 \) - **α = 0.01** - One-tailed: \( z = ±2.33 \) - Two-tailed: \( z = ±2.57 \) - **α = 0.001** - One-tailed: \( z = ±3.08 \) - Two-tailed: \( z = ±3.32 \) These critical values are selected based on common significance levels (α), indicating how extreme the data must be to reject the null hypothesis. --- **Standard Normal Table** The Standard Normal Table shows the cumulative probabilities associated with the standard normal distribution (z-distribution). The table provides the probability that a normally distributed random variable will have a value less than or equal to a given z-score. **How to Use the Table:** - Locate the z-score by finding the intersection of the row and column that correspond to the integer and first decimal place of the z-score. - For example, a z-score of 1.23 would correspond to the value found at the intersection of row 1.2 and column 0.03. This table is essential for converting z-scores into probabilities or percentile ranks within a standard normal distribution. It is a fundamental tool in statistics for hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction.
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