States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Only question number three please.
3. Intermolecular forces are the attractive or repulsive forces that act between molecules of a substance and surrounding molecules.
Now, in general, there are four types of intermolecular forces.
a) London Dispersion forces: It occurs due to the temporal arrangement of electrons, leading to the polarity of non-polar molecules, forming short-lived dipoles for short periods of time. The attraction between these short-lived dipoles is called the London dispersion force. This force is also called Vander Waals forces.
It is present in all kinds of molecules. The larger the molecule or the larger the electron cloud, the greater the strength of this force.
b) Ionic forces: Ions are chemical particles that carry an electrical charge. The attraction that holds positively and negatively charged ions together is called the ionic force.
c) Dipole-dipole interaction: A dipole is a polar substance with a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other end. When the positive end of one dipole is attracted to the negative end of another dipole, this attraction is called a dipole-dipole interaction.
d) Hydrogen bonds: occur between an H atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (F, O or N) and an electronegative atom of another molecule.
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