**27. A retaining wall 1.5 m high is constructed of horizontal wood planks 75 mm thick (actual dimension) that are supported by vertical wood piles of 300 mm diameter (actual dimension), as shown in the figure. The lateral Assuming that the allowable stress in the wood is 8 MPa, calculate the maximum permissible spacing s of the is P = 5 kPa at the top of the wall and p2 = 20 kPa at the bottom. earth pressure Observe that the spacing of the piles may be governed by the load-carrying capacity of either the planks o1 the piles. Consider the piles to act as cantilever beams subjected to a trapezoidal distribution of load, and consider the planks to act as simple beams between the piles. To be on the safe side, assume that the pressure piles. on the bottom plank is uniform and equal to the maximum pressure.) 75 mm P1 = 5 kPa 300 mm diam. 300 mm diam. 75 mm 1.5 m Top view P2 = 20 kPa Side view

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Unit Conversion

Standard units are also called SI units. SI units are used for measuring a physical quantity satisfying certain conditions. There are two types of units: fundamental units and derived units. Fundamental units are physical quantities that are independent, that is, they do not depend on other quantities like mass, length, or time. There are plenty of quantities in our lives which need to be measured and compared. Measuring is the comparison of a particular physical quantity with its reference value. A unit is a measure of a fixed physical quantity. A physical quantity is the product of a unit and the numerical value we need to compare with.